Aluminium: tshuaj thiab lub cev muaj zog

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Hlau yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim tshaj plaws los ua. Lawv kuj muaj lawv cov thawj coj thiab. Piv txwv li, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm txhuas tau paub rau tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev. Lawv thiaj li tsim nyog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub uas cov hlau no tau nrov heev. Dab tsi yog cov khoom ntawm txhuas ua ib yam khoom yooj yim thiab ua ib qho atom, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.

keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm txhuas

Tau ntev, txiv neej tau paub qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau hauv nqe lus nug - potassium alum. Nws tau siv los ua tus neeg sawv cev muaj peev xwm ntawm o thiab khi cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke; qhov no kuj yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov khoom tawv. Lub hav zoov ntawm ntshiab txhuas oxide tau paub nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nyob rau hauv nws thib ob ib nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau txais cov khoom ntshiab.

Tswj kom cais cov hlau los ntawm nws cov tshuaj chloride thawj zaug tus kws tshawb fawb HK Oersted. Nws yog nws uas tau kho ntsev nrog poov tshuaj amalgam thiab cais cov hmoov grey los ntawm kev sib xyaw, uas yog txhuas hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tseeb tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhuas tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov haujlwm siab, muaj peev xwm txo qis. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg ua haujlwm nrog nws ntev.

Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1854, Fab Kis Fab Kis Deville tuaj yeem tau txais hlau ingots los ntawm yaj electrolysis. Txoj kev no tseem muaj feem xyuam rau niaj hnub no. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog loj zus tau tej cov khoom muaj nqis pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum cov teeb meem ntawm tau txais ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm cov lag luam raug daws.

Hnub no, cov hlau no yog ib qho nrov tshaj plaws thiab siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam hauv tsev.

Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm aluminium atom

Yog tias peb ua tus yam ntxwv raws li kev txiav txim siab los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm, peb tuaj yeem tawm ob peb lub ntsiab lus.

1. Ordinal number - 13.
2. Nyob rau lub sijhawm thib peb me, pab pawg thib peb, pab pawg loj.
3. Atomic mass - 26, 98.
4. Number of valence electrons - 3.
5. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheej sab nraud yog qhia raws li 3s ²3p^1.
6. Lub npe yog aluminium.
7. Cov khoom hlau muaj zog.
8. Tsis muaj isotopes nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv, nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm 27.
9. Cov cim tshuaj yog AL, nyeem ua "txhuas" hauv cov qauv.
10. Lub xeev oxidation yog ib qho, sib npaug rau +3.

Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhuas tau lees paub los ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm nws cov atom, vim tias muaj lub vojvoog loj atomic thiab tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li tus neeg sawv cev muaj zog, zoo li txhua yam khoom siv hlau.

Aluminium ua ib yam khoom yooj yim: lub cev muaj zog

Yog peb tham txog aluminium, ua li casyooj yim cov khoom, nws yog ib tug silvery-dawb ci hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws sai sai oxidizes thiab npog nrog ib tug ntom oxide zaj duab xis. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog kev ua ntawm cov concentrated acids.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov yam ntxwv no ua rau cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov hlau no tiv taus corrosion, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yooj yim heev rau tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, nws yog aluminium uas pom cov ntawv thov dav hauv kev tsim kho. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom kuj tseem nthuav nyob rau hauv uas cov hlau no yog lub teeb heev, thaum muaj zog thiab mos. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo li no tsis muaj rau txhua yam khoom.

Muaj ntau lub cev lub cev uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm txhuas.

1. High degree ntawm malleability thiab ductility. Lub teeb, muaj zog thiab nyias nyias yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau no, nws kuj tau dov rau hauv ib lub xaim.
2. Melting point - 660 0C.
3. Boiling point - 2450 0C.
4. Density - 2.7 g/cm3.
5. Crystal lattice ntim ntsej muag-centered, metallic.
6. Kev sib txuas hom - hlau.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhuas txiav txim siab thaj chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv thov thiab siv. Yog hais tias peb tham txog txhua txhua hnub, cov yam ntxwv uas twb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm peb saum toj no ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Raws li lub teeb, ruaj thiab anticorrosive hlau, aluminium yog siv nyob rau hauv aircraft thiab shipbuilding. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev kom paub.

tshuaj lom neeg ntawm aluminium

Los ntawm qhov pomchemistry, hlau nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug yog ib tug muaj zog txo tus neeg sawv cev uas muaj peev xwm ntawm exhibiting siab tshuaj ua si, ua ib tug ntshiab tshuaj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tshem tawm cov oxide zaj duab xis. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov dej num nce sharply.

Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm txhuas raws li cov khoom siv yooj yim yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog:

• acids;
• alkali;
• halogens;
• grey.

Nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog dej hauv ib txwm muaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, los ntawm halogens, tsis muaj cua sov, nws tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog iodine. Lwm yam kev tshwm sim xav tau qhov kub thiab txias.

Nws muaj peev xwm muab cov piv txwv qhia txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhuas. Kev sib piv kev sib piv nrog:

• acids - AL + HCL=AlCL₃ + H_2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6H₂O + 2NaOH=Na[Al(OH)₄] + 3H ₂
• halogens - AL + Hal=ALHal_3;
• grey - 2AL + 3S=AL₂S_3.

Feem ntau, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug yog nws lub peev xwm los kho lwm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm lawv cov tebchaw.

Restorative peev

Cov khoom txo qis ntawm txhuas tau zoo taug qab hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog oxides ntawm lwm cov hlau. Nws yooj yim rho tawm lawv los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom thiab tso cai rau lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim daim ntawv. Piv txwv li: Cr₂O₃ + AL=AL₂O_{3+ Cr.}

Hauv metallurgy, muaj tag nrho cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov khoom,raws li cov lus teb no. Nws yog hu ua aluminothermy. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, lub ntsiab yog siv precisely kom tau lwm yam hlau.

Spread in nature

Raws li kev nthuav dav ntawm lwm cov hlau, txhuas yog thawj. Nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog 8.8%. Yog tias piv nrog cov hlau tsis yog hlau, ces nws qhov chaw yuav yog qhov thib peb, tom qab oxygen thiab silicon.

Vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg siab, nws tsis pom nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis tsuas yog ua ib feem ntawm ntau cov tebchaw. Yog li, piv txwv li, muaj ntau cov ores, minerals, pob zeb, uas muaj xws li txhuas. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog mined los ntawm bauxites, cov ntsiab lus uas tsis siab dhau lawm.

Cov tshuaj muaj ntau tshaj plaws uas muaj cov hlau hauv nqe lus nug:

• feldspars;
• bauxites;
• granites;
• silica;
• aluminosilicates;
• bas alts thiab lwm yam.

Hauv ib qho me me, txhuas yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Qee hom qws mosses thiab marine lub neej tuaj yeem khaws cov khoom no hauv lawv lub cev thaum lawv lub neej.

Tau txais

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm txhuas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais hauv ib txoj kev xwb: los ntawm electrolysis ntawm yaj ntawm cov oxide sib thooj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no yog technologically complex. Lub melting point ntawm AL₂O₃ yog tshaj 2000 ^{0C. Vim li no, nws tsis tuaj yeem raug electrolyzed ncaj qha. Yog liua raws li hauv qab no.}

1. Bauxites yog mined.
2. Ntxuav lawv ntawm impurities, tawm hauv tsuas yog txhuas oxide.
3. Cryolite yog yaj.
4. Ntxiv oxide muaj.
5. Cov khoom sib tov no yog electrolyzed thiab ntshiab txhuas thiab carbon dioxide tau.

Cov khoom lag luam tawm los yog 99.7%. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov hlau ntshiab dua, uas yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm.

Daim ntawv thov

Cov khoom siv ntawm txhuas tsis zoo txaus los siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Yog li ntawd, alloys raws li cov khoom no feem ntau yog siv. Muaj ntau ntau, peb tuaj yeem muab cov npe yooj yim tshaj plaws.

1. YDuralumin.
2. YAluminium-manganese.
3. YAluminium-magnesium.
4. Aluminium-copper.
5. Silumins.
6. Avial.

Lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog, tau kawg, tus neeg thib peb additives. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm aluminium. Lwm cov hlau ua rau cov khoom siv ruaj khov, tiv taus corrosion, hnav-resistant thiab malleable.

Muaj ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv aluminium ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv ntshiab thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm nws cov tebchaw (alloys).

1. Rau cov hlau thiab ntawv ci siv hauv tsev.
2. khoom noj khoom haus.
3. Aircraft kev lag luam.
4. Shipbuilding.
5. Kev tsim kho thiab architecture.
6. Space kev lag luam.
7. Lub tsev reactors.

Ua ke nrog hlau thiab nwsaluminium alloys - cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws yog ob tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm uas tau pom muaj kev lag luam ntau tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg txhais tes.

Khoom ntawm aluminium hydroxide

Hydroxide yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntau tshaj plaws uas tsim cov txhuas. Nws cov khoom siv tshuaj yog tib yam li cov hlau nws tus kheej - nws yog amphoteric. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm qhov xwm txheej dual, ua rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis.

Aluminium hydroxide nws tus kheej yog dawb gelatinous precipitate. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom tau txais nws los ntawm reacting ib txhuas ntsev nrog alkali los yog ammonium hydroxide. Thaum reacted nrog acids, qhov no hydroxide muab cov ntsev thiab dej li niaj zaus. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog alkali, ces aluminium hydroxocomplexes yog tsim, uas nws cov kev sib koom tes yog 4. Piv txwv li: Na[Al(OH)_{4] - sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate.}