Txog ib puas xyoo dhau los, lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb tau pib rau noob neej - lub sijhawm kawm thawj zaug, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, uas yog hu ua lub atomic ib, ob yam opposite txheej xwm tshwm sim:
- ua ntej tshaj, nws yog kev foob pob atomic ntawm Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki;
- thib ob, thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear tau qhib hauv Obninsk.
Nyob rau tom kawg, lub zog puas tsuaj tau dhau los ua tswv yim rau tib neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua yog dab tsi? Dab tsi yog yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws xob?
Dab tsi yog cov tshuaj radioactive
Ua ntej koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov tshuaj twg muaj nyob hauv chav kawm ntawm cov xov tooj cua. Mendeleev's periodic system suav nrog 120 yam. Txhua ntawm lawv muaj cov atoms, thiab cov atoms ntawm qee cov khoom tuaj yeem sib cais. Qhov no tso tawm hluav taws xob txaus ntshai.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog sawv cev los ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg nyob tom qab txhuas. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj 80 yam txaus ntshai xov tooj cua yog paub. Piv txwv li, nws yog radium, francium, polonium, strontium,bismuth, germanium, cesium. Ib txhia ntawm lawv pom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm. Lwm tus yog neeg ua hauj lwm.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob
Qhov phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, pom tsis pom ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag. Lawv tsis muaj xim, saj lossis tsw. Tau ntau xyoo ib tug neeg tuaj yeem nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub xov tooj cua yam tsis xav tias muaj dab tsi txog nws. Lwm yam khoom txaus ntshai ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov khoom no yog lawv lub peev xwm taug kev deb ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv txoj kev lwj tsis yog nyob ntawm txhua txoj kev ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig.
Nuclear txaus ntshai tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm los ntawm lub cev lossis tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem pom hauv huab cua, av, zaub mov. Piv txwv li, zaub xws li zaub qhwv thiab beets tau raug pov thawj tias muaj radionuclides tshaj plaws.
Natural radioactive elements
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj nyob hauv cov pob zeb hauv av, hauv ntau pob zeb uas tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov no yog thaj chaw tsim roj ntawm Western Siberia. Muaj ntau cov deposits ntawm uranium, nrog rau cov khoom uas yog cov khoom ntawm nws lwj - radon, radium. Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ib puag ncig los ntawm lub xeev hauv cheeb tsam cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob thermal, uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qee hom thee.
cheeb tsam nrog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntuj tsim tawm
Piv txwv ntawm cov chaw muaj hluav taws xob nyob rauLub ntiaj teb ntiaj teb, qhov twg hluav taws xob yog ntuj, tej zaum yuav yog Indian ntug hiav txwv dej ntawm Kerala, Suav xeev Guangdong, qhov twg isotopes pom nyob rau hauv cov av, nrog rau qee qhov chaw hauv Brazil. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv ntawm pob zeb yog yam ntxwv ntawm qee thaj tsam hauv Fabkis, Ukraine, Sweden.
Ntau zaus, cov khoom siv nuclear thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Piv txwv yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li pob zeb crushed, alum thiab phosphate pob zeb. Lawv muaj cov xov tooj cua ntau ntawm radionuclides, thaum siv hauv kev tsim kho txhua qhov chaw. Qhov no ua rau muaj ntau qhov ntau ntxiv ntawm gamma hluav taws xob hauv cov tsev.
Kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev tsim kho: kev phom sij tsis pom
Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau tsim ntau dua ib zaug. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Omsk, builders feem ntau siv crushed pob zeb mined nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Northern Kazakhstan los sau pob zeb. Nws muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv ntawm uranium, uas ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm gamma hluav taws xob hauv cov tsev.
Ib rooj plaub kuj tau txheeb xyuas qhov twg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev tau siv los tsim cov tsev nyob. Xws li kev ua txhaum cai raug kaw hauv cheeb tsam Yekaterinburg, ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Kostousovo. Cov neeg ua haujlwm siv xuab zeb uas muaj cov xov tooj cua thorium los tsim cov hauv paus, ua haujlwm plaster, thiab lwm yam kev ua tiav.
Tseem muaj coob tus neeg zoo li no. Hauv Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia thiabHauv ntau qhov chaw, cov khoom siv uranium tsis zoo tau siv los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom siv rau kev txau ntawm txoj kev, chaw ua si, thaj chaw. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov hluav taws xob txaus ntshai.
Cov khoom cuav ntawm xov tooj cua
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg. Muaj ntau qhov chaw ua paug ib puag ncig nrog radionuclides:
- Cov no yog cov foob pob hluav taws xob siv hauv cov roj rho tawm.
- Kev sim ntawm cov tub rog.
- Nuclear roj voj voog lag luam.
- Kev xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear.
- Kuj txaus ntshai yog kev ua phem uas siv lub foob pob atomic thiab plhaub.
- Kev faus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Kev siv ntau yam khoom siv tsis raug.
Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
Kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv tau ua raws li cov cai tshwj xeeb, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai "Rau Atomic Energy". Rau ntau lub lag luam, lawv txoj kev thauj mus los yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam haujlwm. Muaj kev ruaj ntseg tshwj xeeb rau kev thauj cov khoom no.
Fisile - cov no yog cov khoom uas nws cov nuclei pib faib thaum cov neutrons raug ntes. Tsuas yog, lawv cov nuclei poob sib nrug, thiab lub zog tawm hauv cov txheej txheem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom fissile yog uranium-235, uranium-233, plutonium-239, thiab lwm yam. fissile thiab radioactivecov ntaub ntawv raug txwv tsis pub thauj los ntawm kev lis kev cai. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev lis kev cai, lawv txoj kev thauj mus los hla ciam teb raug txwv.
