Kev cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam: txhais, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tswv yim thiab nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Kev cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam: txhais, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tswv yim thiab nta
Kev cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam: txhais, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tswv yim thiab nta
Anonim

Physiology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv nws. Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog inhibition ntawm CNS. Nws yog ib qho txheej txheem uas yog tsim los ntawm excitation thiab qhia nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tsos ntawm lwm excitation. Qhov no pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub cev thiab tiv thaiv lub paj hlwb los ntawm overexcitation. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau hom inhibition uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Ntawm lawv, reciprocal inhibition (ua ke) kuj txawv, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv tej yam inhibitory hlwb.

reciprocal inhibition
reciprocal inhibition

Hom ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb braking

Pib inhibition tau pom nyob rau hauv qee lub hlwb. Lawv pom nyob ze inhibitory neurons uas tsim cov neurotransmitters. Hauv CNS, muaj xws li hom thawj inhibition: rov ua dua, rov ua dua, lateral inhibition. Cia peb saib seb txhua qhov ua haujlwm li cas:

  1. Lateral inhibition yog yam ntxwv los ntawm inhibition ntawm neurons los ntawm inhibitory cell uas nyob ze lawv. Feem ntau cov txheej txheem no tau pom ntawm cov neuronsretinas ntawm ob lub qhov muag, ob qho tib si bipolar thiab ganglionic. Qhov no pab tsim cov xwm txheej kom pom tseeb.
  2. Reciprocal - tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thaum qee lub paj hlwb tsim inhibition ntawm lwm tus los ntawm intercalary neuron.
  3. Rov qab - yog tshwm sim los ntawm inhibition ntawm cov neuron ntawm tes, uas inhibits tib lub neuron.
  4. Rov qab nyem yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lwm cov hlwb inhibitory, uas pom qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

Hauv cov neurons yooj yim ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, tom qab excitation, inhibition tshwm sim, kab ntawm hyperpolarization tshwm sim. Yog li, reciprocal thiab recurrent inhibition nyob rau hauv tus txha caj qaum tshwm sim vim muaj xws li ib tug tshwj xeeb inhibitory neuron nyob rau hauv lub spinal reflex circuit, uas yog hu ua Renshaw cell.

reciprocal reciprocal lateral inhibition
reciprocal reciprocal lateral inhibition

Kev piav qhia

Nyob rau hauv lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, ob txoj kev ua haujlwm tas li - inhibition thiab excitation. Inhibition yog tsom rau nres lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm qee yam dej num hauv lub cev. Nws yog tsim thaum ob excitations sib ntsib - inhibitory thiab inhibitory. Reciprocal inhibition yog ib qho uas excitation ntawm qee lub paj hlwb inhibits lwm lub hlwb los ntawm ib qho nruab nrab neuron, uas muaj kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov neurons.

Kev Tshawb Fawb

Kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev zoo siab hauv CNS tau txheeb xyuas thiab kawm los ntawm N. E. Vedensky. Nws ua ib qho kev sim rau ib tug qav. Excitation tau nqa tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm nws hind limb, uas ua rau khoov thiab straighteningko taw. Yog li, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub tswv yim no yog ib qho kev sib txuam ntawm tag nrho cov paj hlwb thiab tau pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab qaum qaum. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev sim uas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm txhua qhov kev ua ntawm kev txav yog nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm inhibition thiab excitation ntawm tib lub paj hlwb ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Vvedensky N. V. tau hais tias thaum excitation tshwm sim ntawm ib qho chaw ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, induction tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kev tsom xam.

Reciprocal inhibition reflex
Reciprocal inhibition reflex

Ua ke inhibition raws li Ch. Sherrington

Sherrington C. sib cav hais tias tus nqi ntawm reciprocal inhibition yog kom ua tiav kev sib koom tes ntawm cov ceg thiab cov leeg. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau cov ceg tawv kom khoov thiab ncaj. Thaum ib tug neeg txo qis qis, qhov kev zoo siab yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv caug, uas nkag mus rau hauv tus txha caj qaum mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cov leeg flexor. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv deceleration tshwm nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov leeg extensor. Qhov no tshwm sim thiab vice versa. Qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim thaum lub cev muaj zog ntawm qhov nyuaj (dhia, khiav, taug kev). Thaum ib tug neeg taug kev, nws hloov khoov thiab ncab nws ob txhais ceg. Thaum txoj cai ceg yog khoov, excitation tshwm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pob qij txha, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm inhibition tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv kev taw qhia. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog ntau dua, ntau dua ntawm cov neurons uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau qee cov leeg nqaij yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo. Yog li, qhov sib cuam tshuam inhibition reflex tshwm sim vim kev ua haujlwm ntawm intercalary neurons ntawm tus txha caj qaum, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem ntawm inhibition. koom teskev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neurons tsis tas li. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov chaw tsav tsheb ua rau tus neeg ua haujlwm nyuaj, piv txwv li, ua suab paj nruag, seev cev, thiab lwm yam.

Kev sib cais sib cais

reciprocal inhibition tswvyim
reciprocal inhibition tswvyim

Yog tias peb xav txog cov txheej txheem no schematically, ces nws muaj daim ntawv hauv qab no: qhov stimulus uas los ntawm qhov afferent los ntawm ib txwm (intercalary) neuron ua rau excitation nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb. Cov paj hlwb teeb tsa cov leeg flexor hauv kev txav, thiab los ntawm Renshaw cell, nws inhibits cov neuron, uas ua rau cov leeg extensor txav. Qhov no yog li cas kev sib koom tes ntawm tus ceg ceg ua haujlwm.

Txoj kev ntawm caj dab yog lwm txoj hauv kev. Yog li, reciprocal inhibition ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm qee cov leeg ua tsaug rau Renshaw hlwb. Xws li inhibition yog physiologically tswv yim raws li nws ua rau nws yooj yim rau txav lub hauv caug yam tsis muaj kev pab tswj (dawb los yog involuntary). Yog tias tsis muaj cov txheej txheem no, ces yuav muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm tib neeg cov leeg, convulsions, thiab tsis sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txav.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke

Kev sib cuam tshuam tso cai rau lub cev ua kom muaj kev yeem txav ntawm cov ceg: ob qho tib si yooj yim thiab nyuaj heev. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov paj hlwb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab yog ib txhij nyob rau hauv lub opposite xeev. Piv txwv li, thaum lub inspiratory center yog stimulated, lub expiratory center yog inhibited. Yog tias lub chaw vasoconstrictor nyob rau hauv lub xeev zoo siab, lub vasodilating chaw yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev inhibited lub sij hawm no. Yog li, conjugated inhibition ntawm cov chaw ntawm reflexes ntawm qhov kev txiav txim tawm tsam kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm kev txav thiab ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb inhibitory paj hlwb. Kev sib koom tes flexion reflex tshwm sim.

lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm reciprocal inhibition
lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm reciprocal inhibition

Volpe braking

Volpe hauv xyoo 1950 tau tsim qhov kev xav tias kev ntxhov siab yog ib qho kev coj tus cwj pwm, uas yog kho raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej uas ua rau nws. Kev sib txuas ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab cov lus teb tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog los ntawm qhov cuam tshuam uas cuam tshuam kev ntxhov siab, xws li cov leeg nqaij. Wolpe hu ua qhov txheej txheem no "tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke". Nws underlies niaj hnub no txoj kev ntawm kev coj cwj pwm psychotherapy - systematic desensitization. Hauv nws cov chav kawm, tus neeg mob tau nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev xav, tib lub sijhawm cov leeg nqaij so yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev pab los ntawm tranquilizers lossis hypnosis, uas txo cov kev ntxhov siab. Raws li qhov tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab yuav raug kho hauv qhov xwm txheej me me, tus neeg mob txav mus rau qhov xwm txheej nyuaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kho mob, tus neeg tau txais kev txawj los ntawm nws tus kheej los tswj cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab hauv qhov tseeb siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov leeg nqaij, uas nws tau ua tiav.

Yog li, kev sib cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam tau pom los ntawm Wolpe thiab tau siv dav niaj hnub no hauv kev kho mob hlwb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias muaj ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib tug tej yam tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm lwm tus neeg,uas tau hu rau tib lub sijhawm. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov pauv. Combined inhibition yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev ntshai los yog kev ntxhov siab yog inhibited los ntawm ib qho kev xav uas tshwm sim ib txhij thiab tsis sib haum nrog kev ntshai. Yog tias qhov inhibition tshwm sim ib ntus, ces qhov kev sib txuas ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim tsis muaj zog.

qhov tseem ceeb ntawm reciprocal inhibition nyob rau hauv
qhov tseem ceeb ntawm reciprocal inhibition nyob rau hauv

Volpe method of psychotherapy

Joseph Wolpe tau mob siab rau qhov tseeb tias tus cwj pwm zoo li tuag thaum tus cwj pwm tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib qho xwm txheej. Nws siv lo lus "reciprocal inhibition" los piav txog cov xwm txheej uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshiab ua rau kev ploj tuag ntawm qhov tshwm sim yav dhau los. Yog li, nrog rau ib txhij muaj qhov stimuli rau cov tsos ntawm incompatible cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam teeb meem presupposes ib tug conjugated inhibition ntawm lwm tus neeg. Raws li qhov no, nws tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev los kho kev ntxhov siab thiab kev ntshai ntawm tib neeg. Txoj kev no suav nrog kev nrhiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim nyog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ntshai tshwm sim.

Volpe tau hais tawm cov kev tshwm sim hauv qab no uas tsis sib haum nrog kev ntxhov siab, kev siv uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau tus neeg tus cwj pwm: kev lees paub, kev sib deev, kev so thiab "kev ntxhov siab ntxhov siab", nrog rau kev ua pa, lub cev muaj zog, tshuaj. - Txhim kho cov kev xav thiab cov uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tham. Raws li tag nrho cov no, ntau yam txuj ci thiab cov tswv yim tau tsim hauv kev kho mob hlwb hauv kev kho cov neeg mob ntxhov siab.

reciprocal thiab reciprocal inhibition nyob rau hauv tus txha caj qaum
reciprocal thiab reciprocal inhibition nyob rau hauv tus txha caj qaum

Results

Yog li, txog niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem reflex uas siv kev cuam tshuam sib cuam tshuam. Raws li cov txheej txheem no, cov paj hlwb excite inhibitory neurons uas nyob hauv qaum qaum. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov ceg tawv hauv tib neeg. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam kev ua lub cev muaj zog.

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