Kazakhstan muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau qhov majesty ntawm roob peaks, paub tsis meej ntawm cov suab puam, emerald pas dej, qhov txawv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag ntiaj teb. Dab tsi yog tsim nyog hais txog kev vam meej tshaj plaws thaum ub, uas yog lub teb chaws no. Nomadic pab pawg neeg tau nyob ntawm no tau ntev. Nws nyob ntawm no tias ib feem loj ntawm Txoj Kev Silk Road lies. Yog li dab tsi yog zais hauv qhov zoo thiab tshwj xeeb Kazakhstan?
History
Keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm prehistoric - 2.5 lab xyoo BC. e. Ancient era nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th BC. e. - 5 xyoo pua AD e. Lub sij hawm medieval poob rau 5th-18th centuries. Keeb kwm tshiab pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. thiab xaus rau xyoo 1917. Kazakhstan yog ib feem ntawm Russia, Nogai Horde, Siberian lub nceeg vaj, Kazakh Khanate.
I theem ntawm keeb kwm niaj hnub poob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR. Thiab theem thib ob pib thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1991, thaum lub tebchaws tau los ua ib lub tebchaws ywj pheej thiab raug cai ywj pheej.xeev.
Thaum lub sijhawm muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws, daim ntawv qhia ntawm Kazakhstan tau hloov pauv ntau vim nws suav nrog ntau lub tebchaws thiab lub tebchaws.
Administrative divisions
Raws li tau hais, Kazakhstan, uas nws thaj chaw muaj tshaj 2 lab square meters. km, yog ib lub xeev unitary. Lub teb chaws muaj 3 lub nroog ntawm Republican subordination, 86 lub zos, 14 cheeb tsam, 168 koog tsev kawm ntawv, 174 settlements.
Yog li, thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no:
- Akmola.
- Alma-Ata.
- Aktobe.
- Atyrau.
- East Kazakhstan.
- West Kazakhstan.
- South Kazakhstan.
- North Kazakhstan.
- Zhambyl.
- Kostanay.
- Karaganda.
- Kyzylorda.
- Pavlodar.
- Mangistau.
Lub nroog ntawm Republican tseem ceeb:
- Alma-Ata (Almaty).
- Baikonur.
- Astana yog lub peev.
Climate
Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan loj heev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws, ib tug yuav saib tau contrasts nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm huab cua, kev pab, thiab dej.
Kazakhstan yog thaj chaw deb ntawm dej hiav txwv, yog li nyob rau sab qaum teb huab cua hnyav thiab txias, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb paj tawg tawm ntawm lub caij. Qhov nruab nrab Lub Ib Hlis kub yog -18 ° C nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, -3 ° C nyob rau sab qab teb. Qhov nruab nrab Lub Xya Hli kub: nyob rau sab qaum teb +19 ° C, sab qab teb - +28 °.. + 30 ° C.
Txhua tusCov cheeb tsam ntawm Kazakhstan nyob rau hauv 4 thaj chaw huab cua: suab puam, ib nrab suab puam, hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe.
Nyob hauv thaj tsam steppe yog thaj chaw nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Ntawm no muaj cua kub ceev heev. Hauv thaj tsam steppe, lub caij ntuj no luv dua lub caij ntuj sov. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav sib npaug rau lub caij nplooj zeeg.
Nyob hauv thaj chaw hav zoov-steppe muaj cov tiaj nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub caij luv tshaj plaws yog caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Lub caij ntuj sov kav 3 lub hlis thiab lub caij ntuj no kav txij lub Kaum Hli mus txog rau lub Plaub Hlis.
Qub steppes nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv lub semi-deserts. Lub caij ntuj no no hnyav heev, huab cua tsis ruaj khov, thiab lub caij ntuj sov yog kub heev.
Nyob hauv cov suab puam, uas nthuav dav thoob plaws thaj av Kazakhstan, muaj lub caij ntuj sov ntev, huab cua qhuav heev, thiab lub caij ntuj no hnyav.
Txhob Cia Siab
Hais txog kev cawm, kuv xav kom nco ntsoov tias thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm ¾ yog nyob ntawm cov tiaj. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb koj tuaj yeem pom ridges ntawm Altai, Tien Shan, Dzungarian Alatau. Lub Caspian lowland nyob rau sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws muaj ib lub roob system ntawm lub Kazakh me me sandbox.
khoom siv dej
Hais txog kev siv dej, kuv xav hais tias muaj txog 8.5 txhiab tus dej me thiab loj hauv Kazakhstan. Lub Irtysh, Tobol, Ishim ntws raws sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj. Cov dej Ural, Ili thiab Syrdarya kuj ntws los ntawm lub tebchaws. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, ntau tus dej nruab nrab thiab me me qhuav vim huab cua qhuav.
ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws yog Hiav Txwv Caspian. Nws qhov tob yog 5-7 meters. Ntxiv rau thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan, Hiav Txwv Caspian nyob ib puag ncig hauv Russia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan.
48 txhiab pas dej ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg kuj nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm tebchaws. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog Balkhash, Zaisan, Tengiz, Aral Hiav Txwv, Alakol.
Tsiaj thiab flora
Nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Kazakhstan koj tuaj yeem pom cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu tus yam ntxwv nkaus xwb rau nws. Yog li, 480 hom noog, 155 hom tsiaj, 150 hom ntses pom lawv lub tsev nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws. Cov tsiaj reptiles thiab kab tuaj yeem pom hauv cov suab puam thiab ib nrab suab puam. Saiga, goiter gazelle, hma, hare, nas, hma, jackal nyob hauv steppe. Swans, geese, gulls, ducks, flamingos tau txais qhov chaw nkaum ntawm lub pas dej ntawm lub tebchaws. Hauv roob koj tuaj yeem ntsib tsov txaij, roob tshis, dais, rams, mos lwj, ntau noog.
Rau cov paj, kuj muaj ntau haiv neeg. Juniper hav zoov, coniferous hav zoov, birches, txiv apples, aspens loj hlob nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan. Highlands yog txawv los ntawm alpine thiab subalpine meadows, thiab suab puam thiab semi-deserts yog yam ntxwv los ntawm wormwood-nyom, tshuaj ntsuab-nyom, wormwood-s altwort nroj tsuag. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws, koj tuaj yeem pom ib qho piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm flora - citvar, lossis santonine wormwood.
Demography
Thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan (sq. km) yog 2,724,000, lub teb chaws nyob qib cuaj hauv ntiaj teb hauv qhov ntsuas no. Raws li cov pej xeem, lub koom pheej yog nyob rau hauv 60th qhov chaw. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias cov pej xeem ntawm lub koom pheejKazakhstan yuav tsum yog proportional rau qhov loj ntawm lub teb chaws thaj chaw. Yog li, niaj hnub no tshaj 17,098,500 tus neeg nyob ntawm no. Nws hloov tawm tias rau 1 sq. km suav rau 6 tus neeg xwb.
Cov ciam teb ntawm Kazakhstan yog nrog Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tuam Tshoj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas Kazakhs, Russians, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Germans, Tatars nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Yuav ua li cas cov ciam teb ntawm Kazakhstan nyob yuav pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.
Sightseeing places
Kazakhstan muaj npe nrov rau nws qhov kev pom. Ntau tus hu lub teb chaws no lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib. Hauv tebchaws, koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau qhov zoo nkauj scenic views thiab keeb kwm monuments.
Yog li, txhua tus xav mus xyuas Lake Burabay hauv thaj av Kokshetaut, uas yog npog nrog cov lus dab neeg; hnov qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm alpine meadows ntawm Trans-Ili Alatau thiab cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj ntawm tus hav dej ntawm Charyn River.
Ib lub nroog zoo nkauj tshaj plaws yog Almaty. Nws nyob ntawm ko taw ntawm Zailiysky Alatau. Almaty attracts tourists nrog thawj architectural ensembles. Tsis deb ntawm lub nroog muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb nrog ntau dua 90 txhiab hectares.
Nyob rau South Kazakhstan koj tuaj yeem pom ntau lub ntxa ntawm Saka vaj. Qhov kev faus no yog hnub tim rau Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Nws txoj kab uas hla yog tshaj 104 meters, thiab nws qhov siab yog 17 meters los yog ntau tshaj. Tsis muaj lwm qhov chaw hauv Eurasia tuaj yeem khav theeb qhov loj ntawm cov vajntxwv faus neeg.
Rau Kazakhstan, txhua tus neeg ncig tebchaws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau mus xyuas cov nroog hauv qab no, uas yuav qhia txog lawv keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim lub xeev:
- Astana.
- Almaty.
- Aktau.
- Aktobe.
- Atyrau.
- Baikonur.
- Balkhash.
- Borovoe.
- Zhezkazgan.
- Karaganda.
- Kokshetau.
- Kostanay.
- Kyzylorda.
- Pavlodar.
- Petropavlovsk.
- Tsev neeg.
- Taldykorgan.
- Taraz.
- Turkestan.
- Uralsk.
- Ust-Kamenogorsk.
- Shymkent.
kab lis kev cai
hnub so rau pej xeem yog:
- Lub Peb Hlis 8;
- Lub Peb Hlis 22;
- Lub Ib Hlis 1;
- Lub Yim Hli 30;
- Kaum Ob Hlis 16;
- May 1;
- May 9;
- Lub Xya Hli 6.
Vim thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan loj heev thiab cov neeg ntawm kev ntseeg sib txawv nyob ntawm nws, Ramadan Ait thiab Kurban Ait yog hnub so kev cai dab qhuas.
Yuav luag txhua tus paub tias cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws yog cov neeg txais tos txais qhua. Koj tuaj yeem tuaj rau Kazakhs yam tsis tau caw, thiab tus tswv tsev yuav zoo siab heev. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Kazakhs yog kev ua siab ntev, kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, hwm cov txwj laus. Tag nrho cov txuj ci no tau coj los rau txhua tus txij thaum yau, yog li tsis muaj kev sib cav txog haiv neeg lossis kev ntseeg hauv lub xeev.
Txawm hais tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg sib txawv tau sib xyaw hauv Kazakhstan, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws hais lus Lavxias. Hauv xyoo tas los noKazakh thiab lus Askiv yog nrov tshwj xeeb. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tuaj yeem hu ua "Kazakhstanis" lossis "Kazakhs". Txawm hais tias, raws li kev coj ua thoob ntiaj teb qhia, lo lus "Kazakhs" tseem siv ntau dua.
Kev sib raug zoo txawv teb chaws
Kazakhstan tuav kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb nrog txhua tus neeg sawv cev UN. Cov koom tes hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev yog: European Union, Asmeskas, Tuam Tshoj, lub teb chaws ntawm Middle East thiab Lavxias Federation.
Txij li xyoo 2005, cov koom pheej tau pib tsim kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua nrog Yakutia, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tuam Tshoj. Lub xeev koom tes nrog OSCE, CAC, Council of Turkic-hais lus lub teb chaws, lub koom haum ntawm Islamic koom tes, lub koom haum Collective Security Treaty, lub CIS, lub Eurasian Economic Community, lub SCO, lub CICA, thiab lwm yam.
Lub koom pheej koom nrog hauv ntau txoj haujlwm ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Yog li, sappers los ntawm Kazakhstan tau tswj kom tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj 5 lab mos txwv nyob rau hauv Iraq. Lub xeev tseem muab kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag rau cov tebchaws xws li Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog Lavxias Federation, Kazakhstan koom tes nrog kev lis kev cai Union, ua raws li kev cog lus ruaj ntseg sib sau ua ke, suav tias yog tswv cuab ntawm CIS. Kev sib raug zoo nrog Cov Neeg Tuam Txhab Tuam Txhab Tuam Tshoj tau dhau los ua phooj ywg thiab ze dua.
Hais txog kev lag luam sib cuam tshuam, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lub xeev tau ua raws li txoj cai tswjfwm nrog CIS lub tebchaws, txij li thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan tso cai rau qhov no. Hais txog lub tswv yim geopolitical, nws tuaj yeem hais tias tsoomfwv ib txwm sim uaua nruab nrab.
Kazakhstan yog ib lub tebchaws uas tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm lwm lub xeev, tau tuav ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv zej zog thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog nto moo rau nws ruaj ntseg hauv kev lag luam, geopolitics thiab kab lis kev cai.
