East Slavic lus yog ib pawg ntawm cov lus uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg Slavic ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European. Lawv muaj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe, Asia, America thiab lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb.
Kev faib tawm
East Slavic lus suav nrog ob hom lus nyob thiab cov lus uas twb tuag lawm thiab ntau yam lus. Raws li thawj pab pawg, qhov no suav nrog:
- Belarusian.
- Russian.
- Ukrainian.
- Rusyn, qee zaum suav tias yog hom lus ntawm Ukrainian.
Raws li cov lus tuag, qhov no suav nrog Cov Neeg Laus Laus, uas muaj ua ntej xyoo pua 14th, Western Lavxias, uas tau siv los ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, nrog rau cov lus qub Novgorod nrog nws tus yam ntxwv.
History
Belarusian, Lavxias thiab Ukrainian yog lus Slavic. Sab hnub tuaj Slavic nam yog sawv cev los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus no muaj ib tug poj koob yawm txwv - lub qub Lavxias teb sab lus, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7 nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Proto-Slavic. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm keeb kwm tshwm sim, lub ancient Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg tau muab faib ua peb ceg loj - Belarusian, Lavxias teb sab thiab Ukrainian, txhua tus.leej twg mus lawv txoj kev loj hlob.
Pab pawg neeg East Slavic cov lus tau tsim los ntev. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb tshwm sim hauv cov lus lig dhau los - nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, thaum lwm tus ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Tag nrho peb hom lus muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov lus, tab sis lawv kuj muaj qhov sib txawv loj. Qee pawg grammatical tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv Ukrainian thiab Belarusian hom lus, thiab tsis nyob hauv Lavxias. Tib yam siv rau cov lus, txij li cov lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov lexical units hauv Ukrainian thiab Belarusian yog cov keeb kwm ntawm Polish.
Ntse
Cov lus Slavic East muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau lawv sawv tawm ntawm lwm tus:
- Phonetics. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Proto-Slavic kev sib xyaw ua ke -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -elo-, ib puas, uas tsis zoo rau yav qab teb thiab sab hnub poob Slavs, nrog rau lub xub ntiag ntawm consonants: h, j, uas tau yooj yim ua lwm yam lus Slavic.
- Vocabulary. Cov pab pawg sab hnub tuaj Slavic ntawm cov lus tau txais feem ntau ntawm lawv cov lexical units los ntawm Proto-Slavic lus, txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj muaj nws tus yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm cov Slavs. Cov pab pawg kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev qiv, tshwj xeeb los ntawm Finno-Ugric, B altic, Turkic, Iranian, Caucasian, thiab Western European lus.
Cov lus Slavic sab hnub tuaj siv cov tsiaj ntawv raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic uas tuaj ntawm Bulgaria, txawm li cas los xij txhua hom lus ntawm pab pawg muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab cov tsiaj ntawv uas tsis pom hauv lwm tus.
Belarusian lus
Yog lub teb chaws ntawm Belarusians thiab cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Republic of Belarus. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog hais nyob rau hauv Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Poland, thiab lwm yam. Zoo li lwm yam lus East Slavic, Belarusian los ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab thiab tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub 13th-14th centuries nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Belarus. Qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm kev tsim ntawm haiv neeg Belarusian, koom nrog kev nom kev tswv, thaj chaw, kev ntseeg thiab lwm yam. Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no tau ua los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj av hauv Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Lub sijhawm no, cov lus Belarusian tau dhau los ua haujlwm thiab yuav luag txhua lub xeev thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug cai yog ua nyob rau hauv nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus tau yooj yim los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv cov zej zog uas tau tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Belarus hauv xyoo pua 15th.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau ntawm Belarusian yog Lithuanian Txoj Cai, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm Avraamka thiab Bykhovets, "Ps alter", "Small Road Book", "Slovenian Grammar" thiab lwm yam. Kev txhawb siab ntawm cov lus pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19-20 thiab yog txuam nrog Yanka Kupala, Jacob Kolos thiab lwm lub npe.
lus Russian
Lavxias teb sab yog ib hom lus ntawm East Slavic. Nws suav hais tias yog ib hom lus hauv ntiaj teb no thiab tau hais los ntawm ntau lab tus tib neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lub hauv paus ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias yog cov pab pawg neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Veliky Novgorod thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm Volga thiab Oka.
Kev tsim haiv neegpab txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev centralized, uas tawm tsam cov Tatars thiab Mongols. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no tau ua los ntawm kev hloov kho cov haujlwm ntawm Peter I, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm M. V. Lomonosov, G. R. Derzhavin, N. I. Novikova, N. I. Karamzin thiab lwm tus, tus tsim ntawm lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab lus yog A. S. Pushkin. Nws feature yog ib tug nruj syllabic hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tsab ntawv. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus yog tsim los ntawm Qub Slavonic lexical units, nrog rau ntau yam qiv.
Ukrainian lus
Ib yam lus Slavic tshaj plaws. Nws yog hais nyob rau hauv Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Poland, Moldova, thiab lwm yam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Ukrainian lus pib tshwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 12th caug xyoo, thiab txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 14th, Ukrainians tau ua raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias lub teb chaws nrog lawv tus kheej. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Ukrainian lub teb chaws yog txuam nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam Polish thiab Tatar aggression. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv Ukrainian tau ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Hryhoriy Skovoroda, T. G. Shevchenko, I. Y. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, I. P. Kotlyarevsky, G. R. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko thiab lwm tus. Cov lus ntawm Ukrainian lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj qiv nyiaj los ntawm Polish, Turkic thiab German.
lus Russian
Yog ib phau ntawv sau ntau yam lus, hom lus thiab hom lus uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Rusyns. Cov haiv neeg no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av Transcarpathian ntawm Ukraine, hauv Slovakia, Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary,zoo li ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm Canada thiab Asmeskas. Txog niaj hnub no, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus no muaj txog 1.5 lab tus tib neeg.
Muaj cov kev xav sib txawv ntawm seb puas yuav xav txog Ruthenian ib hom lus txawv, lossis hom lus Ukrainian. Cov kev cai lij choj niaj hnub no hauv Ukrainian suav tias yog Ruthenian ua hom lus ntawm haiv neeg tsawg, thaum, piv txwv li, hauv Serbia, nws suav tias yog nom.
yam ntxwv rau hom lus no yog muaj ntau lub Koom Txoos Slavonicisms, nrog rau ntau yam Polonisms, Germanisms, Mannerisms thiab lwm yam uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus Ukrainian. Nws kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ntau cov lexical units uas yog los ntawm Hungarian keeb kwm. Ntxiv rau qhov no, cov lus muaj txheej txheej loj ntawm cov lus Slavic, uas tsis ntseeg nws txuas nrog lwm cov txheeb ze East Slavic.
Cov lus ntawm East Slavic pawg yog ib feem ntawm Slavic ceg ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov lus ntawm Western thiab South Slavs. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog Belarusian, Lavxias, Ukrainian thiab Ruthenian lus, nrog rau ntau hom lus thiab cov lus uas tam sim no tuag. Cov pab pawg no muaj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe, Asia, America thiab lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb.
