Ib feem ntawm cov neeg Slavic ib txwm, uas tau nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm East European Plain, tsim ib pab pawg neeg East Slavic (lawv txawv qhov txawv ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob Slavs). Cov koom haum no koom nrog ntau haiv neeg.
Lub ntsej muag ntawm Eastern Slavs
Niaj hnub archaeology muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog los piav qhia qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas cov pab pawg East Slavic thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog nyob. Cov zej zog thaum ntxov medieval tsim li cas? Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub Roman era, cov Slavs nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ncav cuag ntawm lub Vistula, raws li zoo raws li lub Upper nce mus txog ntawm lub Dniester. Los ntawm no colonization pib mus rau sab hnub tuaj - mus rau thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Russia thiab Ukraine.
Nyob rau hauv V thiab VII centuries. cov Slavs uas nyob hauv cheeb tsam Dnieper tau koom nrog Ants. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab haib tsiv teb tsaws yoj, lwm kab lis kev cai tau tsim - lub Romny. Nws cov neeg nqa khoom yog cov neeg qaum teb. Cov pab pawg East Slavic thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog tau nyob hauv cov bass ntawm Seim, Desna thiab Sula dej ntws. Los ntawm lwm cov "cov txheeb ze" lawv tau txawv ntawm lub ntsej muag nqaim. Northerners tau nyob rau hauv copses thiab teb txiav los ntawm hav zoov thiab swamps.
Colonization ntawm Volga thiab Oka
Nyob rau xyoo pua 6, Eastern Slavs pib ua colonize yav tom ntej Lavxias sab qaum teb thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Volga thiab Oka. Ntawm no cov neeg nyob hauv tau ntsib ob pawg neeg nyob ze - B alts thiab Finno-Ugric haiv neeg. Lub Krivichi yog thawj zaug tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub Upper nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, Ilmen Slovenes nkag mus, uas nres hauv thaj av White Lake. Ntawm no lawv ntsib Pomors. Cov Ilmenians kuj nyob hauv Mologa phiab thiab thaj av Yaroslavl Volga. Ritualism tau sib xyaw ua ke nrog pab pawg.
Cov pab pawg neeg East Slavic thiab lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze tau faib cov cheeb tsam niaj hnub ntawm Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Ryazan. Ntawm no cov Vyatichi yog cov colonizers, thiab rau qhov tsawg dua, Northerners thiab Radimichi. Cov Don Slavs kuj tau pab. Lub Vyatichi mus txog Prony River thiab nyob raws ntug dej ntawm Moscow. Temporal rings yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov colonizers. Raws li lawv, archaeologists txiav txim siab thaj tsam ntawm Vyatichi. North-Eastern Russia nyiam cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av ruaj khov thiab cov khoom siv plaub, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd twb tau ploj mus rau lwm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Slavs. Cov neeg nyob hauv zos - Mer (Finno-Ugrian) - muaj tsawg tus lej thiab sai sai ploj mus ntawm cov Slavs lossis raug yuam tawm los ntawm lawv txawm nyob rau sab qaum teb.
Cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj
Tom tau nyob rau sab sauv ntawm Volga, Slavs tau los ua neeg nyob ze ntawm Volga Bulgarians. Lawv nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Tatarstan. Cov Arabs suav tias lawv yog cov neeg qaum teb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb uas tau lees paub Islam. Lub peev ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm lub Volga Bulgarians yog lub nroog ntawm Great Bulgar. Nws txoj kev sib haum xeeb tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Cov tub rog sib tsoo ntawm Volga Bulgarians thiabSab hnub tuaj Slavs pib twb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug centralized Russia, thaum nws haiv neeg tsis nruj me ntsis pab pawg neeg. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hloov nrog lub sijhawm ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Lub sijhawm no, kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig raws tus dej loj tau coj nyiaj tau los rau ob tog.
Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm pawg neeg East Slavic nyob rau hauv lawv cov ciam teb sab hnub tuaj kuj tau khiav mus rau thaj chaw uas nyob hauv Khazars. Cov neeg no, zoo li Volga Bulgarians, yog Turkic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Khazars yog cov neeg Yudais, uas yog qhov txawv heev rau Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lawv tswj hwm thaj chaw loj ntawm Don mus txog Hiav Txwv Caspian. Lub plawv ntawm Khazar Khaganate yog nyob rau hauv qis nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga, qhov twg Khazar lub peev Itil nyob tsis deb ntawm niaj hnub Astrakhan.
Western neeg zej zog
Volyn yog suav tias yog ciam teb sab hnub poob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Eastern Slavs. Los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau Dnieper nyob Dulebs - lub koom haum ntawm ntau pab pawg. Archaeologists teev nws ntawm Prague-Korchak kab lis kev cai. Lub koom haum suav nrog Volhynians, Drevlyans, Dregovichi thiab Polans. Nyob rau xyoo pua 7 lawv dim ntawm Avar ntxeem tau.
East Slavic pab pawg thiab lawv cov neeg nyob ze hauv cheeb tsam no nyob hauv thaj tsam steppe. Nyob rau sab hnub poob pib thaj chaw ntawm Western Slavs, feem ntau cov Poles. Kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv nce tom qab tsim ntawm Russia thiab kev saws me nyuam ntawm Orthodoxy los ntawm Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Cov Poles tau ua kev cai raus dej raws li kev cai Catholic. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab Eastern Slavs muaj kev tawm tsam tsis yog rau Volhynia xwb, tab sis kuj rau Galicia.
Sib ntaus sib tua Pechenegs
OrientalSlavs thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm pagan pab pawg neeg tsis muaj peev xwm mus colonize lub Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam. Ntawm no xaus lub thiaj li hu ua "Great Steppe" - lub steppe siv, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Eurasia. Lub cheeb tsam Dub hiav txwv nyiam ntau yam ntawm nomads. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th, Pechenegs nyob ntawd. Cov hordes no nyob nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary thiab Alania.
Tom tau muaj chaw nyob hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub, Pechenegs rhuav tshem cov kab lis kev cai hauv steppes. Cov Pridnestrovian Slavs (Tivertsy) ploj mus, nrog rau cov Don Alans. Ntau Russo-Pecheneg tsov rog pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th. Cov pab pawg East Slavic thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog ib leeg. USE them nyiaj ntau rau Pechenegs, uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Cov nomads siab phem no tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev nyiag khoom thiab tsis muab so rau cov neeg ntawm Kiev thiab Pereyaslavl. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, ib qho yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb tshaj, Polovtsy, tau los ua lawv qhov chaw.
Slavs ntawm lub Don
Slavs pib tshawb nrhiav qhov nruab nrab Don thaum tig ntawm VIII - IX centuries. Lub sijhawm no, monuments ntawm Borshevsky kab lis kev cai tshwm sim ntawm no. Nws cov cwj pwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (ceramics, tsev-tsev, cov kab ke ntawm rituals) qhia tias cov colonizers ntawm thaj av Don yog los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Eastern Europe. Cov Don Slavs tsis yog Severians lossis Vyatichi, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav txog txog tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm infiltration ntawm cov pejxeem, lub kurgan faus rite, uas yog zoo tib yam rau Vyatichi ib tug, kis ntawm lawv.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, Lavxias teb sab Slavs thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no tau dim ntawm predatory raids ntawm Pechenegs. Ntau tus tau tawm hauv cheeb tsam Don thiabrov qab los rau Poochie. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem hais tias thaj av Ryazan tau muaj neeg nyob los ntawm ob sab - los ntawm sab qab teb steppes thiab sab hnub poob. Kev rov qab los ntawm Slavs mus rau Don phiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia nyob rau sab qab teb, cov tshiab colonialists mus txog lub Bityug River phiab thiab tag nrho mastered lub Voronezh River phiab.
Next to the B alts and Finno-Ugrian
Cov pab pawg Slavic ntawm Radimichi thiab Vyatichi koom ua ke nrog B alts - cov neeg nyob niaj hnub Lithuania, Latvia thiab Estonia. Lawv cov kab lis kev cai tau txais qee qhov zoo sib xws. Tsis xav li. Cov pab pawg neeg East Slavic thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog, luv luv, tsis yog kev lag luam xwb, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau ib leeg ethnogenesis. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob ntawm Vyatichi, archaeologists pom caj dab hryvnias, unnatural rau lwm pab pawg neeg.
Ib tug peculiar Slavic kab lis kev cai tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub B alts thiab Finno-Ugric haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub pas dej Pskov. Ntev rampart-puab mounds tau tshwm sim ntawm no, uas hloov cov av faus av. Cov no tsuas yog tsim los ntawm East Slavic pab pawg neeg thiab lawv cov neeg nyob ze. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntees tuag rites tso cai rau cov kws tshwj xeeb kom paub ntau ntxiv txog yav dhau los ntawm pagans. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Pskovians ua lub tsev saum toj kawg nkaus hauv av nrog cov cua sov lossis lub qhov cub adobe (tsis zoo li yav qab teb kev cai ntawm semi-dugouts). Lawv kuj xyaum ua liaj ua teb thiab hlawv. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Pskov ntev mounds kis mus rau Polotsk Dvina thiab Smolensk Dnieper. Hauv lawv cheeb tsam, kev cuam tshuam ntawm B alts muaj zog tshwj xeeb.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg zej zog ntawm kev ntseeg thiabmythology
Zoo li ntau lwm haiv neeg ntawm Eastern Europe, Eastern Slavs nyob raws li kev cai dab qhuas pawg neeg. Vim li no, lawv thiaj li sawv tsees thiab tuav lub cult ntawm tsev neeg thiab lub cult ntawm lub ntees tuag. Cov Slavs yog pagans. Cov vajtswv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov pantheon yog Perun, Mokosh thiab Veles. Slavic mythology tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Celts thiab Iranians (Sarmatians, Scythians thiab Alans). Cov kev sib piv no tau tshwm sim hauv cov duab ntawm cov vajtswv. Yog li, Dazhbog zoo ib yam li Celtic deity Dagda, thiab Mokosh zoo ib yam li Makha.
Cov Pagan Slavs thiab lawv cov neeg zej zog muaj ntau qhov sib xws hauv lawv txoj kev ntseeg. Keeb kwm ntawm B altic mythology tau tso lub npe ntawm cov vajtswv Perkunas (Perun) thiab Velnyas (Veles). Lub motif ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsob ntoo thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm zaj (tus nab ntawm Gorynych) coj Slavic mythology los ze zog mus rau lub German-Scandinavian ib tug. Tom qab ib lub zej zog tau muab faib ua ntau pab pawg, kev ntseeg tau pib muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, cov neeg nyob hauv Oka thiab Volga tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Finno-Ugric mythology.
Kev ua qhev ntawm cov Eastern Slavs
Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, kev ua cev qhev tau nthuav dav ntawm cov Eastern Slavs ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Cov neeg raug kaw raug coj, raws li ib txwm muaj, hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Piv txwv li, cov neeg sau ntawv Arab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau thov tias Eastern Slavs tau coj ntau tus qhev hauv kev ua tsov ua rog nrog cov neeg Hungarians (thiab cov Hungarians, dhau los, coj cov Slavs raug ntes mus ua qhev). Lub teb chaws no nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm. Hungarians los ntawm keeb kwm yog cov neeg Finno-Ugric. Lawv tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob thiab nyob hauv thaj chaw ib ncig ntawm nruab nrab ntawm Danube. Yog li ntawd, cov Hungarians tau raws nraim nruab nrab ntawm sab qab teb,Eastern thiab Western Slavs. Hais txog qhov no, kev tsov rog tsis tu ncua tshwm sim.
Slavs tuaj yeem muag cov qhev hauv Byzantium, Volga Bulgaria lossis Khazaria. Txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau suav nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws raug ntes hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, hauv xyoo pua 8 cov qhev tau tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov txheeb ze. Ib tug Slav tuaj yeem poob rau hauv kev ua cev qhev vim kev ua txhaum cai lossis ua txhaum cai ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees.
Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm cov ntawv sib txawv tiv thaiv lawv qhov kev xav, raws li kev ua qhev uas tsis muaj nyob hauv Russia. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov qhev tau mus rau thaj av no vim hais tias ntawm no txhua tus tau suav tias yog kev ywj pheej, vim Slavic paganism tsis ua kom tsis muaj kev ywj pheej (kev ywj pheej, kev ua cev qhev) thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Varangians thiab Novgorod
Tus qauv ntawm lub xeev qub Lavxias tau tshwm sim hauv Novgorod. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Ilmen Slovenes. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 9, lawv cov keeb kwm tau paub ntau yam tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo. Nyob ib sab ntawm lawv nyob Varangians, uas tau hu ua Vikings hauv Western European keeb kwm.
Scandinavian cov vaj ntxwv ib ntus yeej kov yeej Ilmen Slovenes thiab yuam kom them se. Cov neeg nyob hauv Novgorod nrhiav kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm lwm tus neeg nyob ze, uas lawv tau hu lawv cov thawj coj los kav hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd Rurik tuaj rau lub ntug dej ntawm lub Volkhov. Nws tus successor Oleg tau kov yeej Kyiv thiab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev.
