Metals yog ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb xws li hluav taws xob conductivity, hloov kub kub, zoo coefficient, tus yam ntxwv luster thiab txheeb ze ductility. Hom tshuaj no yooj yim hais txog cov tshuaj lom neeg.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm pawg
Hlau yog cov khoom siv siv los ntawm tib neeg thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, tab sis kuj muaj cov uas muab zais tob rau hauv lub roob deposits.
Tam sim no, hlau nyob rau feem ntau ntawm lub sij hawm (94 tawm ntawm 118 ntsiab). Ntawm cov pab pawg raug lees paub, nws tsim nyog teev cov pab pawg hauv qab no:
1. Alkaline (lithium, potassium, sodium, francium, cesium, rubidium). Thaum sib cuag nrog dej, lawv tsim hydroxides.
2. Alkaline ntiaj teb (calcium, barium, strontium, radium). Sib txawv ntawm qhov ntom thiab hardness.
3. Lub teeb (aluminium, lead, zinc, gallium, cadmium, tin, mercury). Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv alloys vim tsawg ntom.
4. kev hloov pauv (uranium,kub, titanium, tooj liab, nyiaj, npib tsib xee, hlau, cob alt, platinum, palladium, thiab lwm yam). Lawv muaj qhov sib txawv oxidation xeev.
5. Semimetals (germanium, silicon, antimony, boron, polonium, thiab lwm yam). Lawv muaj crystalline covalent lattice nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv.
6. Actinides (americium, thorium, actinium, berkelium, curium, fermium, thiab lwm yam).
7. Lanthanides (gadolinium, samarium, cerium, neodymium, lutetium, lanthanum, erbium, thiab lwm yam). Cov no suav nrog magnesium thiab beryllium.
Native compounds
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ib chav cais ntawm crystal-chemical codification. Cov ntsiab lus no suav nrog cov hlau ib txwm muaj. Cov no yog cov zaub mov uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg. Feem ntau, cov hlau ib txwm nyob hauv cov xwm txheej tau tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem geological.
45 tshuaj yog paub nyob rau hauv lub xeev crystalline nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, li no lawv cov nqi siab. Qhov sib faib ntawm cov ntsiab lus no tsuas yog 0.1%. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev nrhiav cov hlau no kuj yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab kim heev. Nws yog raws li kev siv cov atoms nrog cov plhaub ruaj khov thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Cov hlau ib txwm hu ua noble. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj inertia thiab stability ntawm cov tebchaw. Cov no suav nrog kub, palladium, platinum, iridium, nyiaj, ruthenium, thiab lwm yam. tooj liab feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Hlau nyob rau hauv haiv neeg lub xeev yog tam sim no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub roob deposits nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm meteorites. los ntawm feem ntauTsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg yog lead, chromium, zinc, indium thiab cadmium.
Basic nta
Yuav luag txhua cov hlau nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj zog thiab tiv taus. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog francium thiab mercury, alkali hlau. Lub melting kub rau tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov pab pawg neeg yog txawv. Nws thaj tsam li ntawm -39 txog +3410 degrees Celsius. Tungsten yog suav tias yog qhov feem ntau tiv taus rau melting. Nws cov tebchaw poob lawv qhov tsis kam tsuas yog qhov kub siab tshaj +3400 C. Lead thiab tin yuav tsum txawv ntawm cov hlau yooj yim molten.
Tsis tas li, cov ntsiab lus tau muab faib raws li qhov ntom ntom (lub teeb thiab hnyav) thiab plasticity (nyuaj thiab mos). Tag nrho cov hlau txuas ua hluav taws xob zoo heev. Cov cuab yeej no yog vim muaj cov siv lead ua lattices nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tooj, nyiaj thiab txhuas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws conductivity, sodium muaj me ntsis qis conductivity. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov khoom siv thermal siab ntawm cov hlau. Nyiaj yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thermal conductor, mercury yog qhov phem tshaj.
Hlau hauv ib puag ncig
Feem ntau, cov ntsiab lus no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw thiab ores. Cov hlau nyob hauv qhov tsim sulfites, oxides, carbonates. Txhawm rau ntxuav cov tshuaj, nws yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum tau cais tawm ntawm cov ore. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yuav yog alloying thiab ua tiav kawg.
Hauv kev lag luam metallurgy, ferrous thiab non-ferrous ores yog qhov txawv. Cov qub yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau sib txuas, tom kawg ntawm lwm cov hlau. Platinum, kub thiab nyiaj yog suav tias yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Txawm li cas losrau qhov tsawg dua, cov dej hiav txwv kuj suav rau ib qho me me.
Muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txawm nyob hauv cov kab mob. Ib tug neeg muaj txog 3% ntawm cov hlau sib txuas. Rau feem ntau, lub cev muaj sodium thiab calcium, uas ua raws li intercellular electrolyte. Magnesium yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb thiab cov leeg nqaij, hlau zoo rau cov ntshav, tooj liab yog qhov zoo rau lub siab.
Nrhiav cov hlau sib xyaws
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv qab txheej saum av ntawm txhua qhov chaw. Cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog aluminium. Nws qhov feem pua nws txawv li ntawm 8.2%. Nrhiav cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust tsis yooj yim, vim nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ores.
Hlau thiab calcium yog me ntsis tsawg dua nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Lawv feem pua yog 4.1%. Tom ntej no tuaj magnesium thiab sodium - 2.3% txhua, poov tshuaj - 2.1%. Cov hlau seem hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis pub ntau tshaj 0.6%. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas magnesium thiab sodium tuaj yeem sib npaug hauv av thiab hauv dej hiav txwv.
Cov ntsiab lus hlau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ores los yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev, xws li tooj liab los yog kub. Muaj cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm oxides thiab sulfides, piv txwv li, hematite, kaolin, magnetite, galena, thiab lwm yam.
Metal production
Cov txheej txheem rau rho tawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev rho tawm cov zaub mov. Nrhiav cov hlau hauv qhov xwm txheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm ores yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau cov txheej txheem hauv kev lag luam. Rau kev tshawb nrhiavcrystalline deposits, tshwj xeeb geological khoom yog siv los soj ntsuam cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb daim av. Tsis tshua muaj, muaj cov hlau nyob hauv cov xwm txheej raug txo mus rau banal qhib-qhov hauv av txoj kev.
Tom qab mining, theem enrichment pib, thaum ore concentrate yog cais los ntawm cov pob zeb qub. Kev ntub dej, hluav taws xob tam sim no, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev kho cua sov yog siv los paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau, kev tso tawm ntawm cov hlau ore tshwm sim los ntawm melting, uas yog, cua sov nrog rov qab.
Aluminium mining
Non-ferrous metallurgy yog koom nrog cov txheej txheem no. Hais txog kev noj thiab kev tsim khoom, nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm lwm ceg ntawm kev lag luam hnyav. Cov hlau feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog heev xav tau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no. Hais txog kev tsim khoom, txhuas yog thib ob tsuas yog steel.
Feem ntau, cov khoom no yog siv hauv kev lag luam aviation, tsheb thiab hluav taws xob. Nws yog noteworthy tias feem ntau cov hlau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust kuj tau los ntawm "artificial" txhais tau tias. Rau xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv, bauxites yuav tsum tau. Lawv tsim alumina. Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom no nrog cov pa roj carbon electrodes thiab fluoride ntsev nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntshiab txhuas ore.
Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws ua lag luam ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom no. Txog li 18.5 lab tons ntawm hlau yog smelted muaj ib xyoos twg. Lub koom haum Lavxias-Swiss UC RUSAL yog tus thawj coj hauv qhov zoo sib xws ntawm txhuas mining.
Kev siv cov hlau
Txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm pab pawg yog ruaj, impermeable thiab kuj tiv taus kub. Yog vim li cas hlau thiaj li muaj nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Niaj hnub no lawv tau siv los ua cov xaim hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv, thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Hauv kev tsim kho, cov ntshiab thiab sib xyaw ua ke yog siv. Hauv engineering thiab aviation, cov kev sib txuas tseem ceeb yog cov hlau thiab cov ntawv cog lus nyuaj.
