Lus Askiv suav nrog ntau pawg thiab loj hu ua Germanic lus. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav xav txog nws hauv kev nthuav dav. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov ceg no tau suav nrog ib qho loj dua - cov lus Indo-European. Cov no suav nrog, ntxiv rau German, thiab lwm tus - Hittite, Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Greek, Celtic, Romanesque, Slavic, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus Indo-European yog li ib pab pawg dav dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg uas peb xav tau muaj nws qhov kev faib tawm. Cov lus Germanic tau muab faib ua 2 pawg hauv qab no: sab qaum teb (lossis hu ua Scandinavian) thiab sab hnub poob. Lawv txhua tus muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv.
Qee zaum cov lus Romano-Germanic txawv. Qhov no suav nrog Germanic thiab Romance (qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob los ntawm Latin).
West Germanic lus
West Germanic suav nrog Dutch, Frisian, Siab German, Lus Askiv, Flemish, Boer, Yiddish.
Rau feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws Askiv - Northern Ireland, Scotland, England - nrog rau Asmeskas, New Zealand,Australia, Canada yog haiv neeg Askiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau muab faib rau hauv Pakistan, Is Nrias teb, South Africa raws li txoj kev sib txuas lus.
Frisian yog neeg nyiam nyob rau sab qaum teb Hiav Txwv thiab tau hais los ntawm cov neeg ntawm Friesland Islands. Nws cov ntaub ntawv ntau yam yog raws li West Frisian dialects.
Tus niam tus nplaig ntawm Austria, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Switzerland yog German siab. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog raws li ib tug sau ntawv. Cov neeg nyob deb nroog ntawm cov cheeb tsam no tseem hais "Platdeutsche", lossis Low German, ib hom lus tshwj xeeb uas yog hom lus nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Folk fiction was created on it.
Dutch yog haiv neeg ntawm Holland.
Cov lus German niaj hnub suav nrog Boer, txwv tsis pub hu ua "Afrikaans", uas muaj nyob hauv South Africa, dhau ib feem loj ntawm nws thaj chaw. Cov lus no nyob ze rau Dutch yog hais los ntawm Afrikaners, lossis Boers, cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Dutch colonists uas tau ncaim lawv lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo pua 17th.
Flemish yog ze heev. Nws tau hais los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Belgium, nws sab qaum teb, nrog rau Netherlands (hauv qee thaj chaw). Flemish, nrog rau Fab Kis, yog txoj kev sib txuas lus hauv Belgium.
Yiddish yog ib hom lus tsim nyob rau hauv 10th-12th centuries, hais los ntawm cov neeg Yudais ntawm Eastern Europe. Nws lub hauv paus yog Middle High German lus.
LusNorth German subgroup
Cov lus German hauv qab no yog North Germanic: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish.
Lub tom kawg yog haiv neeg ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Finland (qhov twg cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Swedish thaum ub tau tsiv mus nyob deb dhau los), nrog rau cov neeg Swedish. Ntawm cov lus uas muaj nyob niaj hnub no, Gutnic lus, uas yog hais los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov kob ntawm Gotland, sawv tawm sharply nrog nws cov yam ntxwv. Cov lus Swedish niaj hnub no suav nrog sau thiab npaj raws li lus Askiv German. Nws phau ntawv txhais lus nquag tsis loj heev.
Danish - ib txwm nyob rau cov neeg Danish, uas kuj yog rau ntau pua xyoo cov ntawv nyeem thiab lub xeev ntawm Norway, uas, raws li koj paub, yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev Danish txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th mus txog 1814.
Danish thiab Swedish, ze yav dhau los, tam sim no sib txawv heev, lawv qee zaum ua ke rau hauv ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus hu ua East Scandinavian dialects.
Cov lus Norwegian, uas yog haiv neeg Norway, muaj ntau nyob hauv lub tebchaws no. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tau qeeb heev nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, txij li cov neeg nyob hauv lub xeev raug yuam kom muaj nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Danes rau yuav luag 400 xyoo. Niaj hnub no hauv lub tebchaws no, kev tsim cov lus Norwegian tau tshwm sim, uas yog ib txwm muaj rau tag nrho lub tebchaws, tuav txoj haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm Danish thiab Swedish hauv nws cov yam ntxwv.
Cov neeg Iceland hais lus Icelandic. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no yog Norwegians,nyob hauv thaj chaw thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 10th. Cov lus Icelandic, tsim kev ywj pheej rau yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo, tau txais ntau yam tshiab, thiab tseem khaws tau ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Old Norse. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, niaj hnub txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Fjords tau plam cov yam ntxwv no ntau. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus Icelandic (New Icelandic) thiab Norwegian tseem ceeb heev rau lub sijhawm tam sim no.
Faroese niaj hnub no muaj nyob hauv Faroe Islands, uas nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Shetland Islands. Nws khaws cia, nrog rau Icelandic thiab lwm pab pawg lus, ntau yam lus ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv - Old Norse, uas tom qab ntawd nws tau tawg lawm.
Faroese, Icelandic thiab Norwegian qee zaum ua ke ua ib tsev neeg raws li lawv keeb kwm. Nws yog hu ua West Scandinavian lus. Tab sis cov pov thawj niaj hnub no qhia tias, hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no, Norwegian yog ze dua rau Danish thiab Swedish dua li Faroese thiab Icelandic.
Cov lus qhia ntxov txog cov pab pawg neeg German
Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus German tau kawm hauv qee yam niaj hnub no. Thawj qhov hais txog cov neeg German hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 4 BC. Cov neeg taug kev uas tau muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv yog tus kws sau hnub qub thiab thaj chaw Pytheas (lossis Pytheas), ib tug Greek, ib tug neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Massilia (uas niaj hnub no hu ua Marseilles). Nws ua tau li 325 BC. e. Txoj kev taug kev mus rau Amber Coast, nyob, thaj tsam, ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Elbe, nrog rau ze rau sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm North thiab B altic Seas. Hauv koj cov lusPiteas hais txog Gutton thiab Teutonic pab pawg neeg. Lawv cov npe qhia meej tias cov neeg no yog cov neeg German thaum ub.
Cov lus los ntawm Plutarch thiab Julius Caesar
Cov lus hais tom ntej ntawm cov neeg German yog cov lus ntawm Plutarch, tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek uas nyob hauv 1st-2nd century AD. Nws sau txog lub Bastnae uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Danube qis ib ncig ntawm 180 BC. e. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv no yog fragmentary heev, yog li ntawd, lawv tsis muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm cov Germanic pab pawg neeg. Lawv, raws li Plutarch, tsis paub txog kev yug nyuj los yog kev ua liaj ua teb. Tsov rog tsuas yog txoj hauj lwm rau cov pab pawg no.
Julius Caesar yog thawj tus kws sau Roman piav txog cov neeg German ntawm lub sijhawm thawj xyoo ntawm peb lub sijhawm. e. Nws hais tias lawv lub neej tag nrho yog nyob rau hauv kev ua tub rog caum thiab tua tsiaj. Lawv ua liaj ua teb me me.
Information from Pliny the Txwj Laug
Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Pliny tus Txwj Laug, naturalist (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 23-79 AD), nrog rau Tacitus, historian (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 58-117 AD). Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Annals" thiab "Lub teb chaws Yelemees" tom kawg muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev faib cov pab pawg neeg uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis kuj hais txog lawv txoj kev ua neej, kab lis kev cai, thiab kev sib raug zoo. Tacitus paub qhov txawv 3 pawg: istevones, hermiones thiab ingevons. Pliny tus Txwj Laug kuj tau hais txog tib pab pawg, tab sis ntaus nqi Teutons thiab Cimbri rau Ingevons. Qhov kev faib tawm no zoo li muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj ncees rau kev faib tawm hauv xyoo pua AD. e. Cov pab pawg neeg German.
Cov lus qub German: kev faib tawm
Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov ntawv sau cia tso cai rau peb los sib sau cov lus German rau hauv peb pawg hauv pawg thaum ntxovNrab Hnub nyoog: Gothic (East German), Scandinavian (North German) thiab Western European.
East Germanic suav nrog Gothic, Vandal thiab Burgundian.
Burgundian
Burgundian yog lus ntawm cov neeg los ntawm Burgundarholm (Bornholm) - ib kob nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv B altic. Cov Burgundians nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5, nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam uas tau txais tib lub npe. Cov lus German thaum ub tau tso peb cov lus me me niaj hnub no, feem ntau yog cov npe zoo.
Vandalic
Vandalic - lus ntawm Vandals uas tom qab ntawd tsiv los ntawm Spain mus rau North Africa, qhov chaw uas lawv tau tso tseg lub npe Andalusia (hnub no nws yog ib lub xeev). Cov lus no, zoo li Burgundian, feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm cov npe kom raug. Tom qab ntawd, lo lus "vandal" tau txais lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov kab lis kev cai monuments, ib tug neeg tsis ncaj ncees, txij li thaum 455 cov pab pawg tau raug tshem tawm thiab ntes Rome.
Gothic
Cov lus Gothic yog sawv cev niaj hnub no los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm cov uas tau nqis los rau peb yog "Silver Scroll" - ib qho kev txhais ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo rau hauv Gothic. 187 ntawm 330 nplooj ntawm cov ntawv sau no tau muaj sia nyob.
Old West Germanic lus
Cov lus German sab hnub poob yog sawv cev los ntawm Anglo-Saxon, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High German. Txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.
kawg ntawm tsev neeg no suav nrogib tug xov tooj ntawm dialects. Ntawm nws cov monuments tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntawv hauv qab no los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8:
1. Glosses - phau ntawv txhais lus me me rau cov ntawv sau ua lus Latin, lossis txhais cov lus ntawm ib tus neeg rau hauv German, sau rau hauv cov npoo.
2. Kev txhais cov hauj lwm ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab classical ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm Notker, uas coj lub tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub lig 10th thiab thaum ntxov 11 centuries.
3. Paj huam "Muspilli" (2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th).
4. "Lub Nkauj ntawm Ludwig."
5. "Merseburg Spells".
6. "Zaj Nkauj ntawm Hildebrand".
Frankish kuj muaj ob peb hom lus. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, lawv tag nrho los ua ib feem ntawm German, tshwj tsis yog rau Low Frankish, uas yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub Dutch, Flemish thiab Boer.
Cov pab pawg North Germanic suav nrog Old Norse, Old Norse, Old Danish thiab Old Norse dialects. Lawv txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb.
kawg ntawm pawg lus no qee zaum hu ua cov lus ntawm runic inscriptions, vim nws tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau ntawm lawv (txog 150 nyob rau hauv tag nrho), belongs rau lub sij hawm ntawm 2nd-9th centuries AD. e.
Old Danish kuj tau khaws cia hauv cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yav dhau los rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 9th. Kwv yees li 400 ntawm lawv paub tag nrho.
Thawj lub cim ntawm cov lus qub Swedish kuj muaj hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 9 AD. Lawv nyob hauv lub xeev Västerjötland thiab yog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm pob zeb. Tag nrho cov ntawv sau uas tau tsim hauv hom lus no nce mus txog 2500.
