Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lag luam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm cov xeev thiab cheeb tsam. Lawv txiav txim siab lawv txoj haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm. Hauv qhov no, lawv kuj tseem hu ua profileing, muaj qhov tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb thiab interregional. Xav txog ntxiv cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb hauv Russia.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm cheeb tsam kev lag luam tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom lag luam hauv ib thaj chaw tshwj xeeb hauv qhov ntim uas muaj ntau tshaj qhov xav tau ntawm thaj chaw. Qhov ntsuas no ua tiav vim muaj keeb kwm, ntuj tsim thiab lwm yam xwm txheej uas muaj nyob hauv cheeb tsam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim cov khoom lag luam hauv cov khoom zoo li no yog ua los ntawm cov nqi zog tsawg.
Yog li, kev lag luam tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom lag luam uas tsim cov khoom sib tw ntawm kev lag luam txawv teb chaws, taw qhia rau kev xa tawm. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog qhov ntim loj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev koom tes hauv thaj chawkev xa khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tsis yog hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab xa tawm. Lawv cuam tshuam rau kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom muaj zog. Lawv yog lub hauv paus rau qhov kev pabcuam, pabcuam thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam ntxiv tau nyiam.
Specific
Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm cov cheeb tsam lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom lag luam loj - cov khoom lag luam uas, nrog nws tus nqi qis, yuav ua rau muaj feem tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho cov ntim. Cov khoom pheej yig dua yog ua los ntawm cov khoom zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshwj xeeb. Lawv ua raws li cheeb tsam tsim cov sectors thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws.
Txhua yam ntawm Lavxias Federation muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, uas tsis yog tsuas yog thaj chaw ntawm nws tus kheej cov kev xav tau, tab sis kuj yog cov kev xav tau ntawm lwm cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Qee qhov xwm txheej, qhov ntsuas ntau lawm yog qhov dav heev uas cov khoom lag luam kuj tau xa mus rau kev lag luam txawv teb chaws. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb tsis yog tib txoj kev xaiv rau kev koom tes ntawm thaj av hauv thaj av faib cov peev txheej ua haujlwm. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm pawg thawj coj kuj tseem ceeb.
Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb: hom
Kev faib cov khoom lag luam yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Piv txwv li, muaj kev faib kev lag luam rau hauv thaj chaw:
- Industrial infrastructure (kev sib txuas lus, thauj, kev tsim kho).
- Kev sib raug zoo (tsev thiab kev pabcuam hauv zej zog,kev ua si, kab lis kev cai, kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, thiab lwm yam).
- Kev lag luam kev lag luam (cov koom haum pov hwm, tsev txhab nyiaj, kev sib pauv, kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam).
Dhau li ntawm no, muaj cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv zos ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Lawv muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam hauv thaj chaw sib txawv. Cov kev lag luam zoo li no ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam ncaj ncees.
Tsev faib ua haujlwm
Muaj qee yam qauv hauv cheeb tsam no. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm rog, tus naj npawb ntawm cov cheeb tsam tsim cov khoom ntawm tib lub npe kuj nce. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib faib ntawm thaj chaw uas tau tsim cov khoom no rau lub sijhawm ntev feem ntau txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv cov zis.
Thaum xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj thiab cov peev txheej hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev faib ua haujlwm, ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib co reserves tsis nyob txhua qhov chaw. Qhov thib ob yog tias muaj ntau yam kev pabcuam ntuj muaj nyob hauv ntau thaj chaw, tab sis kev txhim kho kom zoo tsuas yog ua tau rau qee thaj chaw. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm extractive industries tuaj yeem tsim tshwj xeeb hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov peev txheej loj rau kev siv hauv lub xeev tam sim no ntawm cov khoom tsim tau, kev sib txuas lus, kev thauj mus los, thiab lwm yam.
Piv txwv li, cov pob zeb loj loj hauv Tunguska phiab tau siv tsis tau vim tsis muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau qhov tso nyiaj rau kev txhim kho. Tab sis rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb sector tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam, lub North Caucasus, lub Chernozem cheeb tsam, tag nrho cov xwm txheej tau tsim. Yog li ntawd, kev cog paj paj noob hlis thiab qab zib beet thiaj li tsim muaj.
Historical nam
Nws kuj tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb me me hauv thaj chaw faib ua haujlwm. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub qub ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb ntawm Central District thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm lub cheeb tsam muaj loj ntau lawm cov cuab tam ntawm tshuab tsev, textile lag luam, thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm uas tsim nyog. Qhov no lub hom phiaj yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev sib koom tes hauv cheeb tsam, kev sib pauv ntawm cov khoom.
Sib faib ua pab pawg
Nws muaj nyob hauv txhua lub hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv tag nrho, peb pawg tau faib rau txhua cheeb tsam.
thawj qeb suav nrog kev lag luam ua liaj ua teb. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom lag luam. Cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb hauv cov kev lag luam no ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Vim tias muaj kev pom zoo ntau dua ntawm ib thaj chaw hauv cov haujlwm no, kev tsim khoom siab tshaj plaws tau ua tiav ntawm tib theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm txuj ci nrog rau lwm qhov chaw tswj hwm.
Pab pawg thib ob suav nrog cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb uas txiav txim siab cov qauv kev lag luam, kev ua haujlwm ntawm pej xeem. Cov qeb ntawm cov sectors muaj feem xyuam ncaj qha nyob ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txhais tau hais tias txhua cheeb tsam yuav tsum muaj tag nrho cov kev lag luam uas ua kom muaj kev txhim kho ntawm thawj pawg ntawm cov lus qhia. Feem ntau, qhov no tsis yog siv tau. Piv txwv li, rau cov kev lag luam xws li lub tsev tank, neeg hlau, cov cuab yeej tsim thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob, kev lag luam tsheb, kev sib koom tes hauv cheeb tsam yog ntau qhov laj thawj thiabkev koom tes.
Pab pawg thib peb muaj cov lus qhia uas tsim cov khoom lag luam rau kev noj hauv zos. Tib lub sijhawm, raws li txoj cai, cov peev txheej sab hauv yog siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Kev tsim kho yam ntxwv
Cov pab pawg saum toj no tau sib cuam tshuam hauv cov chaw tsim khoom hauv cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov sib piv sib txawv raws li qib ntawm cov khoom tsim tau. Rau txhua tus ntawm lawv, lawv tus kheej proportions ntawm pab pawg yog tsim. Thaum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim, kev poob tshwm sim, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam poob qis. Qhov no, dhau los, muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qib kev siv cov peev txheej ua haujlwm.
Kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom tsim tau pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj chaw. Kev faib tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua rau muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Yog li, cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb hauv Siberia xyoo 1965 tau tsim 6.5% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Xyoo 2000, daim duab no nce mus txog 14.7%.
Industrial infrastructure
Nws tuaj yeem faib raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws niaj hnub no yog kev faib los ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Kev thauj mus los yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sib txuas lus, tsheb ntawm txhua hom, cov cuab yeej siv, cov qauv thiab cov qauv uas ua kom cov khoom txav mus los rau ntau lub hom phiaj thiab tib neeg. Lub zog hluav taws xob ua raws li cov txheej txheem sib txuas los ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov chaw no suav nrog cov chaw pabcuam tus kheej, lub zog hluav taws xob, cov kab hluav taws xob. Kev sib txuas lus muaj xws li:
- Mail message.
- Kev sib txuas lus hauv av thiab chaw, suav nrog xaim, kho qhov muag, xov tooj cua sib txuas lus.
Cov kav dej phwj tuaj thiab dej yog sawv cev los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib txuas lus thiab cov qauv tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov pej xeem tau txais dej. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov infrastructure yog ceev heev. Hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, thaj chaw tshwj xeeb yog qhov txawv:
- Free pauv.
- Technical and production.
- Industrial innovation.
- Complex.
- Service.
- Innovative thiab lwm yam.
social infrastructure
Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm:
- Sib pauv thiab faib (kev pov hwm, credit, kev lag luam).
- Kev pabcuam neeg siv khoom (tsev thiab kev pabcuam hauv zej zog, kev thauj neeg caij tsheb, kev pabcuam neeg siv khoom, kev sib txuas lus rau pejxeem).
- Kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv (kev nyab xeeb kev noj qab haus huv, kev pabcuam sanatorium, kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, kev txhawb nqa pej xeem rau pej xeem).
- Kev tsim ntawm kev saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nco qab rau pej xeem (kev paub, kev qhia, kev kawm, kev ntseeg, kos duab).
- Kev tiv thaiv kev txiav txim (tsoomfwv, tiv thaiv, koom haum pej xeem).
Muaj ntau qhov kev lag luam sib txawv hauv kev sib raug zoo. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no muaj ib qho teeb meem ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Kev sib raug zoo infrastructure, zoo li lwm qhov chaw, muaj nws tus kheej thaj chaw qauv. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog sawv cev los ntawm qib:
- Federal.
- Regional.
- Local.
yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsiab
Kev lag luam yog lub teb chaws kev lag luam uas ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv, txav ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev tsim khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov no ua tiav ntawm qib sib txawv. Kev lag luam tuaj yeem yog domestic, txawv teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Cov kev pabcuam vaj tsev thiab kev sib koom ua ke yog ib qho kev sib koom ua lag luam, cov khoom vaj tsev nyob, ua liaj ua teb thiab cov kev pabcuam uas muab kev pabcuam rau cov pejxeem. Hauv qee thaj chaw, cov kev pabcuam vaj tsev thiab cov zej zog tau koom nrog hauv kev pabcuam kev lag luam, muab cov pa roj, dej, thiab hluav taws xob rau lawv. Kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv suav nrog kev noj qab haus huv, xeev, kev lag luam thiab kev ntsuas kev kho mob uas tau ua los ntawm tib neeg thiab tsom rau kev txhim kho thiab tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm pej xeem. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem yog: kev kho thiab tiv thaiv kab mob, kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, muaj kev pov hwm ntiag tug, kev tuav pov hwm thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem. Cov dej num ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj xws li: kev kawm preschool, kev kawm (primary, secondary thiab siab dua), kev cob qhia qib siab thiab retraining. Kev txhawb nqa tub rog muaj xws li: kev siv riam phom, kev npaj kev ua phem, kev txhawb nqa tub rog thiab tub rog. Lub infrastructure ntawm qhov kev lag luam no siv rau ob qho tib si kev tsim khoom thiab kev sib raug zoo spheres. Kev txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev ua haujlwm rau kev txhim kho cov tswv yim thiab theoretical kev ua ub no.
Kev lag luam
This infrastructure muaj:
- Logistics thiab lag luam wholesalekev lag luam. Lawv yog cov sawv cev los ntawm ib tug complex ntawm lub tsev rau kev muag khoom, nrhiav tau, cia thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov khoom thiab cov nyiaj. Nws suav nrog: kev lag luam wholesale, cov koom haum lag luam, tub yees, warehouses, khw muag khoom, muag khoom thiab chaw ua haujlwm thiab hauv paus, thiab lwm yam.
- nyiaj txiag sector. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj thiab lwm lub koom haum koom nrog hauv kev ncig ntawm cov nyiaj, muab nyiaj qiv. Thaj chaw no suav nrog cov koom haum pej xeem thiab ntiag tug. Yuav tsum muaj kev sib pauv ceev ceev ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no.
- Kev ua si nawv thiab tourism. Qhov kev lag luam no suav nrog tsev so, chaw mus ncig, chaw nce tsheb, chaw pw hav zoov, chaw ua kis las, kev thauj mus los hauv tsev, cov koom haum kab lis kev cai thiab kev lom zem.
- thaj chaw ua si - thaj chaw muab kev pabcuam kev ncig tebchaws.
Teb chaws Europe ntawm lub tebchaws
Tam sim no, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Yog li, kwv yees li 80% ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam yog tsom mus rau European feem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb ntawm cheeb tsam kev lag luam Northern thiab sab hnub tuaj suav nrog txog 63% ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsuas. Qhov kev piv txwv no qhia tau hais tias cov cheeb tsam nyob sab Europe yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua kom muaj peev xwm ntau lawm thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab. Kev txhim kho ntawm txhua ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj av Central tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog kev nqis peev tsawg. Cov haujlwm uas twb muaj lawm yuav tsis raug hloov pauv loj. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj tsam European yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv los ntawm kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm nuclear zog, mechanical engineering thiab lwm qhov chaw uas txiav txim siab txog kev vam meej ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim khoom yuav tsum tshwm sim tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog kev txo qis hauv kev siv cov khoom siv raw, roj, dej, khoom siv, hluav taws xob.
Hauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm Urals, nws tsis tsim nyog tso cai rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm thiab tso cov dej tshiab- thiab lub zog-industries. Cov lag luam zoo li no yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam kom tshem tawm qhov tsis sib xws thiab siv cov kev hloov pauv. Qhov no yuav pab kom ruaj khov ntawm cov roj thiab lub zog sib npaug. Niaj hnub no, kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm Urals thiab Far East txhua xyoo xa txog 1 billion tus qauv roj mus rau European feem.
cheeb tsam East
Nws qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam niaj hnub no siab heev. Yav tom ntej, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam sab hnub tuaj tsuas yog nce ntxiv. Qhov no yog vim qhov loj reserves ntawm ntoo, roj, roj, thee thiab lwm yam kev pab, qhov tseem ceeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov dej- thiab lub zog-intensive manufacturing industries. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Kev sib raug zoo hauv cheeb tsam qhia txog qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom tsim muaj zog. Yog hais tias, piv txwv li, cov ceg ntawm kev tshwj xeeb ntawm lub Urals pauv nyob rau hauv lawv cheeb tsam, ces nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj cheeb tsam sab nraud sib pauv nrog lwm cov cheeb tsam yeej. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov export ntawm engineering khoom nyob rau hauv lub European ib ncig ntawm xa mus rau txawv teb chawsaccount rau txog 18%, thiab ntshuam - txog 25%. Nyob rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuab tsim thiab cov khoom siv thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam. Cov lag luam ntawm sab hnub tuaj yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov nqaim profile. Hauv qhov no, tsuas yog 25% ntawm cov khoom lag luam engineering tau noj hauv thaj chaw. 75% yog muab rau sab nraud ntawm Russia, suav nrog 72% hauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj av Volga, Central Asia, Kazakhstan.
