Russian Research Center (RNC) "Kurchatov lub koom haum" yog lub tsev kawm tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws hauv thaj tsam ntawm nuclear zog. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nws yog hu ua lub koom haum ntawm Atomic zog. Lub npe tom qab tus kws tshawb fawb nuclear Igor Kurchatov.
Quet the atom
Founded National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" hauv 1943 los tsim riam phom nuclear. Kom txog rau thaum 1955, nws twb paub nyob rau hauv lub npe zais cia "Laboratory No. 2 ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences." Feem ntau ntawm Soviet nuclear reactors tau tsim los ntawm lub koom haum, suav nrog F-1, uas yog thawj reactor sab nraum North America.
Txij li xyoo 1955, qhov kev sim tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thermonuclear fusion thiab ntshav plasma physics tau ua tiav ntawm lub koom haum Kurchatov. Nws nyob ntawm no uas tokamak-hom reactors tau tsim, suav nrog:
- "Tokamak T-3".
- "Tokamak T-4".
Cov reactors no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua lub ntiaj teb thawj qhov kev sim los kawm txog cov khoom ntawm plasma. T-4 twb launched nyob rau hauv 1968 nyob rau hauvNovosibirsk, ua thawj quasi-stationary thermonuclear fusion tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Pioneers of Science
Thawj tus thawj coj ntawm NRC "Kurchatov Institute" yog A. A. Logunov - tus kws tshaj lij Soviet theoretical physicist, rector ntawm Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov los ntawm 1977 txog 1992. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tau los ua ib tug ywj siab ntiaj teb no-class scientific center. Ua ntej no, txog li ib xyoos, Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb yog ib ceg ntawm Moscow Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Physics, qhov chaw tsim kho ntawm U-7 proton synchrotron (prototype U-70) pib xyoo 1958.
Ib txoj haujlwm loj dua - 50 GeV proton accelerator - tau txiav txim siab tsim tawm ntawm lwm qhov chaw, sab nraum Moscow. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub koom haum tau koom tes ncaj qha rau hauv nws txoj kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho.
Creating a Science City
Kev tshawb fawb hauv kev ua haujlwm siab lub zog physics yeej ib txwm muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev loj hlob ntawm atomic zog. Yog li ntawd, lub taub hau ntawm Laboratory No. 2, I. V. Kurchatov, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub Soviet atomic project, txhawb kev tshawb fawb ntawm accelerators nyob rau hauv txhua txhua txoj kev ua tau thiab tsim lawv.
Nyob rau hauv lub 50s, lub tswv yim tshwm sim los mloog zoo rau kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Kurchatov yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas nquag txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim 70 GeV proton superaccelerator ze Serpukhov, npaj rau kev tshawb fawb lub cev. Thaum xaiv lub hauv paus rau lub accelerator, kwv yees li 40 qhov chaw hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws tau raug tshuaj xyuas. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev xaiv poob rau ntawm qhov chaw nyob ze Serpukhov, nyob rau ntawm ib tug heev tiaj tus thiab nyuaj rockynoob.
Tag nrho lub nroog ntawm Protvino tau tsim meej rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim lub koom haum: nrog rau qhov no, kev tsim ntawm nroog infrastructure, kev sib raug zoo, kab lis kev cai, tsev neeg, lub zog thiab lwm yam spheres tau tshwm sim. Tsis xav tias lub nroog muaj xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog science.
U-70 booster
Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1960, kev tsim kho loj tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd pib ze Serpukhov. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm lub National Research Center "Kurchatov lub koom haum", qhov tseeb technologies tau siv. Raws li cov memoirs ntawm engineers, qhov tseeb ntawm kev xam thiab kev ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm tso lub nplhaib yog piv rau kev xam ntawm lub davhlau ntawm ib tug spacecraft. Ua tsaug rau cov kev ntsuas no, cov neeg tsim khoom kaw lub qhov synchrotron nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 3 hli.
Lub U-70 accelerator complex (thaum xub thawj nws hu ua Serpukhov Synchrophasotron) tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1967 nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm A. A. Logunov. Qhov no yog ib tug loj loj super complex engineering system. Nws yog lub tshuab nqus tsev loj heev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub voj voog, dov mus rau hauv lub nplhaib thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas hnyav 20,000 tons. Los ntawm txoj kev, rau tsib xyoos (txog 1972) nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub accelerator yog raws li nram no. Thaum cov khoom ua kom nrawm mus rau qhov nrawm ze rau qhov nrawm ntawm lub teeb thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj, ntau yam ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab tau yug los, uas tau sau tseg los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Tom qab siv computer ua cov ntaub ntawv sim, cov kws tshawb fawb rov qab kho cov duab ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom nrawm nrog cov teeb meem, kos cov lus xaus txog cov khoom ntawm intranuclear hais, txog.parameters of theoretical model of fundamental interactions.
Kev ua tiav thiab tsis ua tiav
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm U-70 (uas tseem tab tom ua hauv lub koom haum niaj hnub no) yog qhov ua tiav tiag tiag. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj qhov kev sim ntawm U-70 accelerator, helium-3 thiab tritium antinuclei tau pom, muaj peb antinucleons txhua. Tom qab ntawd, muaj ntau dua 20 qhov tshiab uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb tau pom, ua tsaug rau cov kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia ntau yam txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb.
Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ib txoj haujlwm tau tsim los rau lub tshuab nrawm tshiab - lub zog proton-proton collider rau lub zog ntawm 3 × 3 TeV, uas yuav dhau los ua lub zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1989, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav, kev tsim kho lub nplhaib loj heev hauv av rau lub accelerator yuav luag tiav. Txhua txoj haujlwm, hmoov tsis, yuav tsum tau khov thiab txo qis hauv 90s. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev paub dhau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tsim qauv koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho "Soviet collider" hauv Protvino tom qab tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau ntau heev thaum tsim lub Loj Hadron Collider hauv Switzerland.
Hnub no
Lub koom haum Kurchatov muaj 27 lub tshuab tshawb fawb nuclear, ntawm 7 tau raug tshem tawm thiab ib qho tau raug kaw ib ntus. 19 reactors tseem tab tom ua haujlwm raws li IAEA. Lub koom haum Kurchatov koom tes nrog qee lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Lavxias, xws li:
- Lomonosov University.
- Moscow Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Physics thiab Technology.
- Moscow State Technical University. Bauman.
Ntawm lawvlub hauv paus ntawm ib tug interdisciplinary system ntawm scientific kev cob qhia. Piv txwv li, qhov no coj mus rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev ntawm nanotechnology, biotechnology, computer science thiab kev txawj ntse science.
Lub koom haum Kurchatov muaj kev kawm kws kho mob (23 chav haujlwm) thiab kev kawm tiav qib siab, qhov uas lawv muab kev paub tob hauv 16 qhov tshwj xeeb. Lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tus kws saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua ub no ntawm nanobiotechnologies, nanosystems thiab nanomaterials hauv Lavxias Federation. Lub koom haum koom nrog ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb: CERN, XFEL, FAIR, German-Lavxias lub chaw kuaj mob rau kev siv hluav taws xob synchrotron thiab lwm yam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob accelerator.
Lub koom haum
Txog xyoo 1991, lub koom haum Kurchatov yog subordinate rau Ministry of Atomic Energy. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1991, lub koom haum tau hloov kho rau hauv Xeev Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb, tswj ncaj qha los ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias. Raws li lub koom haum txoj cai, tam sim no nws tus thawj tswj hwm raug xaiv los ntawm tus thawj nom tswv raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm Rosatom.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2005, Mikhail Kovalchuk tau raug tsa los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum. Lub koom haum Kurchatov yeej qhov kev sib tw thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2007 los ua lub koom haum tseem ceeb hauv kev sib koom tes hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nanotechnology hauv Russia.
