Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov kab mob uas txaus siab rau peb yog muab los ntawm phau ntawv qhia txog "biology" (qib 6). Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb, txawm li cas los xij, yog lub ntsiab lus rau tag nrho cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob - nws yog qhov nthuav heev los kawm lawv.
Cov nceb, cov yam ntxwv dav dav uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no, raws li kev ntsuas ecological thiab trophic, yog heterotrophic eukaryotes nrog rau cov khoom noj khoom haus tshwj xeeb osmotrophic. Qhov kev txhais no qhia meej meej qhov txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm lwm yam kab mob hauv qhov chaw nyob los ntawm biota. Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm cov nceb qhia tias nws yog txoj kev osmotrophic ntawm kev noj haus uas txiav txim siab lawv cov morphological, physiological thiab biochemical nta.
Ncej lub cev nceb
Lub cev vegetative ntawm feem ntau fungi yog ib tug heev branched xov (hyphae) nrog unlimited kev loj hlob, tag nrho cov uas yog hu uamycelium los yog mycelium. Feem ntau, cov mycelium yog tag nrho rau hauv cov substrate (av, cog cov ntaub so ntswg, tsiaj xau, cog residues, thiab lwm yam), thiab xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov qauv tso cai rau tag nrho lub cev kom tshem tawm cov as-ham los ntawm nws mus rau lub siab tshaj plaws siv exoosmosis.
Cov khoom siv organic hauv cov npe hauv qab no feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm high-molecular polymers (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) uas tsis dhau ntawm cov cell membranes. Yog li ntawd, fungi, cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb xav nyob rau hauv, secrete depolymerase enzymes mus rau hauv lub substrate, uas zom cov polymers rau oligo- thiab monomers uas yuav thauj mus rau hauv lub hlwb. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj digestive enzymes yog secreted nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv, ces nyob rau hauv cov fungi lawv secreted sab nraum, thiab ces cov fungal hyphae yuav muab piv rau ib tug hnyuv muab tso rau hauv tawm.
Mushroom reproduction
Ua tiav kev nkag mus ntawm mycelium hauv substrate txwv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob. Yog li ntawd, lawv lub cev xeeb tub protrude mus rau saum npoo ntawm lub substrate los yog nce saum toj no nws thiaj li yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv cov huab cua los yog (yog hais tias lub substrate yog nyob rau hauv dej) nyob rau hauv cov dej ib puag ncig. Hauv ntau cov nceb (macromycetes), cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob loj, pom meej meej ntawm qhov muag liab qab (kab nceb nce saum av lossis tinder fungi loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo). Lwm cov fungi (micromycetes) muaj cov kab mob me me, lawv cov qauv tsuas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom, tab sis nrog kev loj hlob loj lawv tsim cov xim pleev xim rau hauv cov pwm ntawm ntau yam substrates.
Ob lub nceeg vaj nceb
Phylogenetic kev tsim kho qhia tias "nceb" ecomorph tsis yog ib pawg neeg monophyletic, tab sis muab faib ua ob lub phyla (kingdoms). Feem ntau, hu ua "cov nceb tiag" (eumycetes), yog monophyletic thiab tsim lub nceeg vaj tiag tiag ntawm nceb (Fungi). Ib qho me me, hu ua "cov kab mob zoo li nceb" (pseudomycetes), suav nrog, nrog rau qee cov algae, mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj Stramenopila, uas nws tau muab faib ua ob pawg - Oomycota (oomycetes) thiab Labyrinthulomycota (netted slime pwm). Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb yog tsim. kaus mom, raws li koj tau pom, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lawv ntau yam.
Primary and secondary metabolites
Txhua cov metabolites raug muab faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab. Lub hauv paus metabolites yog tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab yog irreplaceable. Cov no yog nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, coenzymes, lipids, thiab lwm yam Cell organelles yog tsim los ntawm lawv - nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell phab ntsa thiab membrane cov qauv uas fungi muaj. Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm thawj cov metabolites yog tias lawv cov deposits yog siv los ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm tes los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub zog. Secondary metabolites yog tsim nyog rau lub adaptation ntawm lub cev mus rau lub neej nyob. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qee hom thiab tsis tuaj ntawm lwm tus. Tsis zoo li cov metabolites thawj, cov metabolites theem nrab feem ntau yog cov tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav tebchaw.
YProteins
Cov proteins uas muaj qauv yog ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, cov txheej txheem membrane,chromosomes, uas lub ntsiab ntawm lub cytoskeleton tsim - microtubules thiab microfilaments. Enzymatic proteins muab tag nrho cov txheej txheem intracellular thiab cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig.
Nyob zoo Carbohydrates
Cov qauv txheej txheem polymeric carbohydrates yog lub hauv paus ntawm phab ntsa cell uas nceb muaj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tso cai rau peb faib mus rau hauv peb pawg: qabzib, lwm yam monosaccharides thiab carbohydrates covalently txuas rau peptides (glycoproteins).
Glucose polymers yog glucans, chitins thiab cellulose. Glucans yog linear lossis branched chains ntawm cov piam thaj molecules. Lawv tsim cov txheej txheej ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm tes ntawm feem ntau cov fungi. Nyob rau hauv chitin molecules, qabzib residues txuas nrog cov amino pawg (aminated), uas, nyob rau hauv lem, acetic acid residues txuas (acetylated). Molecules "hloov-txuas" nrog rau ib leeg los ntawm cov ceg ntoo ntawm lwm cov polysaccharides ua rau lub cev muaj zog ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes. Cellulose tau pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kawm oomycetes, nyob rau hauv uas nws ua li 10% ntawm lub cell phab ntsa loj. Tau ntev lawm nws tau ntseeg tias muaj tseeb fungi tsis muaj nws, tab sis tam sim no nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm ib co ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).
Polymers ntawm lwm cov monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, thiab lwm yam), hu ua hemicellulose nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua, tsis pom nyob rau hauv txhua pawg ntawm fungi. Muaj ntau yam mannose polymers - mannans - nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa ntawm poov xab. Thaj, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm phab ntsa muab budding zoo dua glucan.
Thaum kawg, cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb tuaj yeemtau ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, zoo li cov nroj tsuag, muaj ntau cov polysaccharides txuam nrog cov protein molecules - peptidoglucans, mannanoproteins, thiab lwm yam. Lawv tsim cov txheej txheem nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa multilayer cell thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ob qho tib si hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov hlwb. thiab hauv nws cov txheej txheem pauv nrog ib puag ncig.
YReserve carbohydrates
Kab lus no muab cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov nceb. Qib 6 ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog lub sijhawm thaum peb thawj zaug paub txog cov kab mob no hauv cov lus qhia txog biology. Peb muab kev paub tob tob thiab kawm kom ntxaws ntxiv. Cia peb mus rau qhov piav qhia ntawm cov carbohydrates cia.
Mhrooms tsis pom lub ntsiab reserve polysaccharide inherent nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua thiab ntau algae - starch. Glucose nyob rau hauv eumycetes yog khaws cia raws li glucan, ze rau tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab glycogen. Ntxiv nrog rau glucans, nceb kuj muaj lwm cov carbohydrates cia, qee qhov tshwj xeeb rau lub nceeg vaj fungal. Nws feem ntau yog disaccharide trehalose. Tau ntev, trehalose tau pom tsuas yog hauv cov nceb, uas yog vim li cas nws tau txais nws lub npe thib ob - mycosis. Tam sim no nws kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv qee cov nroj tsuag siab dua li cov khoom me me. Trehalose plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob fungal rau kev ntxhov siab thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem osmotic. Mushroom cells kuj muaj cov qab zib cawv - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, thiab lwm yam.
Lipids
Lipids (esters ntawm glycerol nrog cov saw ncaj aliphatic monocarboxylic acids) yog qhov tseem ceebkhaws cov khoom, lawv tau tso rau hauv lub cell nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tee roj. Cov nceb muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm polyunsaturated (muaj ob peb daim ntawv cog lus hauv aliphatic saw) fatty acids, xws li linolenic - nrog peb, thiab arachidonic - nrog plaub ob daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm phospholipids (etherically txuas nrog phosphoric acid), lipids yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov cell membranes. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem membrane kuj ua si los ntawm sterol lipoids, uas muab lub zog membrane. Tsis zoo li tsiaj cholesterol, uas muaj 27 carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug molecule (C-27), thiab cog phytosterols (C-29), lub ntsiab nceb sterol yog ergosterol (C-28).
Secondary metabolites: pigments
Cov nceb tsis muaj cov xim photosynthetic, tab sis tsim ntau cov khoom sib txuas uas ua rau cov xim mycelium, cov kab mob sib kis lossis cov substrate. Los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov pigments feem ntau yog terpenoids (carotenoids) lossis cov tshuaj tsw qab. Lawv ua ntau yam haujlwm. Yog li, txiv kab ntxwv derivatives ntawm carotene induce lub chav kawm ntawm kev sib deev txheej txheem nyob rau hauv mucor fungi; tsaus ntsuab thiab dub phenolic pigments ntawm aspergillus tsuas yog tso rau hauv spore-cov kabmob apparatus, uas, tsis zoo li lub substrate mycelium, yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, thiab nyob rau hauv spores tiv thaiv los ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb; Cov xim tsaus melanin tso rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes, ua kom lawv lub zog.
tshuaj lom thiab tshuaj tua kab mob
Ntau cov fungi tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg rau lwm yam kab mob, uasNws feem ntau tau sau tseg thaum cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cov nceb tau muab tso ua ke (ib phau ntawv kawm qib 6 lossis phau ntawv kawm rau tsev kawm qib siab). Cov tshuaj lom rau cov kab mob hu ua tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj lom rau cov nroj tsuag - phytotoxins, tshuaj lom rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg - mycotoxins. Qee cov fungal metabolites, ua rau lom rau ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob (microorganisms thiab nroj tsuag, nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu), muaj cov nyhuv nyuaj. Tshuaj tua kab mob yog synthesized los ntawm ntau fungi nyob rau hauv cov av, uas yuav tsum sib tw rau nutrient substrates nrog rau lwm yam kab mob. Lawv cov xwm txheej thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm muaj ntau yam. Yog li, cov tshuaj tua kab mob penicillins thiab cephalosporins inhibit cell phab ntsa synthesis hauv cov kab mob, trichothecins - protein synthesis hauv eukaryotic microorganisms, griseofulvin - mitosis.
YPhytotoxins thiab mitotoxins
Phytotoxins secreted los ntawm fungi mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob ua rau cov nroj tsuag tuag, uas tom qab ntawd ua ib qho yooj yim prey rau cov cab. Toxins inhibit cov txheej txheem enzymatic nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kab mob (piv txwv li, tentoxin ntawm fungus Alternaria inhibits photosynthetic phosphorylation), muaj zog membranotropic nyhuv thiab cuam tshuam rau kev thauj cov khoom los ntawm daim nyias nyias, transmembrane thauj ions (fusaric acid, fusicoccin, thiab lwm yam.).
Mycotoxins tau muab faib ua ob pawg - co toxins ntawm microscopic fungi (micromycetes) thiab co toxins ntawm macromycete fungi nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj. Cov qub yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv fungi uas kis cov nroj tsuagcov khoom siv rau khoom noj. Piv txwv li, ergot sclerotia accumulates alkaloids (heterocycles uas muaj nitrogen), uas yog paj hlwb. Lawv tsis raug puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm ci, yog li cov khob cij ci los ntawm cov hmoov nplej nrog cov hmoov av sclerotia yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Nws siv tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav, feem ntau tuag taus. Lwm cov kab mob cab yog cov kab mob ua rau pob ntseg fusarium. Qhov no yog Fusarium fungus uas tso tawm terpenoid co toxins rau hauv cov nplej, uas tseem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom loj heev (khoom cij ci los ntawm Fusarium-mob hmoov tau nrov hu ua "dunken bread" vim nws ua rau kiv taub hau, ntuav thiab lwm yam tsos mob zoo li qaug cawv heev).
Ntaus nceb
Tam sim no, ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus tau sau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog biology. Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb los ntawm qhov kev pom no yog raws li hauv qab no. Cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov fungi feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, yog li lawv muaj cov enzymes uas decompose cov qauv thiab cia polysaccharides nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nyob thiab cov nroj tsuag khib nyiab. Cov no yog pectinases uas rhuav tshem polygalacturonic acid (pectin) rau hauv qhov hnyav molecular oligogalacturonides, xylanases, cellobiases thiab celluloses uas zom cellulose thiab hemicellulose - lub ntsiab carbohydrate Cheebtsam ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell phab ntsa, amylase, uas decomposes starch, thiab lwm yam. ntawm cov nroj tsuag tom qab cellulose los ntawm qhov hnyav yog lignin, uas yog peb-dimensional polymer ntawm aromatic rings. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lignified hlwb. Lignin yog cov nroj tsuag tsis tu ncua, thiab tsuas yog cov fungi (tsuas yog ntoo-tua tinder fungi) muaj lignase enzymes uas ua rau nws. Parasitic fungi uas cuam tshuam rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg (tawv nqaij, plaub hau, plaub), tso tawm enzymes uas rhuav tshem cov keratin protein uas lawv tsim.
Feem ntau ntawm cov enumerated enzymes yog synthesized los ntawm cov hlwb tsis tas li rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub zog txuag, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig (piv txwv li, yog tias tsis muaj pectin nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, ces pectinase. tsis yog synthesized). Lawv tsis yog tsim, tab sis raug rau substrate induction. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis tsim yog tias qhov nruab nrab muaj qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov as-ham nrog ntau lub zog zoo metabolism hauv cov tebchaw (catabolite). Piv txwv li, cov khoom kawg ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm feem ntau polysaccharides yog cov piam thaj, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj cov piam thaj ntxiv rau pectin lossis cellulose, pectinases thiab cellulases tsis tsim. Nws tsis pom zoo kom ua tiav cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg kom tau txais cov piam thaj yog tias nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev loj hlob nruab nrab. Txoj cai no hu ua catabolite repression.
Kev sib deev sib deev
Txuas ntxiv nthuav tawm cov ncauj lus xws li "Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb", peb yuav piav qhia luv luv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Asexual reproduction nyob rau hauv cov kab mob no yuav ua tau los ntawm mobile thiab immobile spores. Zoospores tsim ib tug me me ntawm cov fungi, dej thiab av, nyob rau hauv uas genetic kev sib raug zoo nrog dej yog kom meej meej taug qab. Cov qauv ntawm flagella nyob rau hauv zoospores ntawm oomycetes thiab hyphychytria zoo ib yam li uas tau piav rau ochrophytes.algae, thiab hauv chytridiomycetes yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm pawg no. Feem ntau cov kab mob fungal reproduces los ntawm immobile spores, qhia lawv cov av tsaws ntev heev. Spores tuaj yeem tsim endogenously hauv sporangia (sporangiospores) lossis exogenously (conidia). Endogenous spores raug tso tawm tsuas yog tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm sporangium, uas feem ntau tshwm sim thaum nws ntub dej. Feem ntau, ntau tus spores yog tsim nyob rau hauv sporangia, txawm li cas los xij, qee hom tsim me me sporangia (sporangioles), uas tsuas muaj ob peb spores (qee zaum ib qho). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub sporangioli daim nyias nyias thiab spores tuaj yeem coalesce, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kab mob endogenous ua haujlwm ua ib qho exogenous. Qhov no qhia qhov tshwm sim thawj zaug ntawm endogenous spores, uas yog cov precursors ntawm exogenous sawv daws yuav.
Kev sib deev sib deev
Hom kev sib deev feem ntau, thiab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub hlwb uas tsis sib txawv rau hauv gametes, hu ua somatogamy. Ib hom kev sib deev zoo sib xws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ascomycete poov xab, ntau basidiomycetes thiab lwm yam fungi. Qee zaum nws tshwm sim txawm tias tsis muaj cell fusion, ib qho yooj yim fusion ntawm nuclei hauv cell. Cov txheej txheem kev sib deev nyuaj dua yog ua ntej los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm tus khub mycelial qhov chaw (gametangia), uas tom qab ntawd sib koom ua ke. Xws li cov txheej txheem kev sib deev, gametangiogamy, yog yam ntxwv ntawm ntau zygo- thiab ascomycetes. Thaum kawg, fungi kuj muaj gametogamy rau lwm yam kab mob eukaryotic, i.e. fusion ntawm tshwj xeeb gametes.
Classic iso- thiab heterogamy yam ntxwv ntawm algae,tsuas yog pom muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob qis - chytridiomycetes. Tsis muaj classical oogamy nyob rau hauv fungi txhua. Txawm tias oomycetes, yog li lub npe vim yog lawv oogamy, tsis muaj txiv neej gametes (spermatozoa lossis spermatozoa), thiab cov qe hauv oogonium tsis muaj lawv tus kheej phab ntsa thiab hu ua oospheres. Qee hom marsupials muaj oogonium (tab sis tsis muaj poj niam qe gametes, piv txwv li, sawv cev rau gametangia), tab sis tsis muaj antheridium, yog li ntawd fertilization tshwm sim los ntawm vegetative hypha. Lwm cov ascomycetes thiab basidiomycete xeb fungi muaj txiv neej gametes - spermatozoa, tab sis tsis muaj poj niam gametes, thiab qee zaum gametangia (spermatogamy). Hauv qee hom, spermatozoa muaj ob txoj haujlwm - txiv neej gametes thiab asexual spores (conidia).
Zoo kawg
Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm nceb: khoom noj khoom haus thiab ua pa, kev tsim tawm spore - tag nrho cov no yog qhov txaus siab rau cov neeg nyiam ntuj. Tom qab tag nrho, cov no yog cov kab mob tshwj xeeb uas tsis yog cov nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj txhu. Tau qhib lub ntsiab lus "Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nceb" (Qib 7) hauv phau ntawv kawm, koj yuav pom tias lawv yog ib lub tebchaws txawv. Lwm lub tebchaws yog tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag, kab mob thiab kab mob. Lub ntsiab lus "Cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nceb", tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv kab lus no, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Tag nrho cov phau ntawv tau sau txog lawv, yog li koj tuaj yeem kawm tau ntev heev. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav, hauv peb lub tswv yim, yog cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm cov pwm pwm. Pwm yog ib qho ntawmhom kab mob ancient tshaj plaws nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tshwm sim 200 lab xyoo dhau los thiab xav tias zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no. Qhib ntu ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv "Lub nceeg vaj ntawm nceb. Cov yam ntxwv dav dav" (Qib 6), thiab koj yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxiv txog nws.
