Ib qho lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog kev xaiv ntawm tus yam ntxwv uas tsis yog txheej txheem ntawm ib qho khoom (tsis yog tus neeg koom nrog, uas tsim lub cim ntawm ib qho khoom los ntawm kev ua). Adjectives tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li cov xwm txheej thiab cov lej, thiab hauv cov lus qhia - kuj yog raws li poj niam txiv neej, thiab tseem raug cais raws li tshwj xeeb lexical thiab grammatical pawg - pawg. Yog li, cov qeb ntawm adjectives yog peb pawg loj uas sib txuas cov lus uas zoo sib xws hauv lub ntsiab lus thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm denoting tus cwj pwm ntawm ib yam khoom. Adjectives teej tug mus rau txhua pawg muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov thiab siv. Peb yuav tham txog qhov no kom ntxaws ntxiv tom qab, thiab hauv qab no yog cov lus qhia luv luv.
Tus lej ntawm tus lej
Txhob Cia Siab |
Hue value |
Kev sib piv |
Shortform |
Sib xyaw nrog cov lus qhia "heev" |
Examples |
| Quality | Ib lub cim ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm ib sab ntawm nws qhov zoo, uas yog, ib qho kos npe tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov | + | + | + | |
| Nyob zoo | Ib kos npe ntawm ib yam khoom, qhia txog qhov chaw, sijhawm, khoom, thiab lwm yam, uas yog, tas li, tsis hloov | - | - | - | Hmo (teev), hlau (qws), mis nyuj (kua zaub), continental (huab cua) |
| Nyob zoo | Ib kos npe ntawm ib yam khoom raws li lub npe ntawm ib yam dab tsi los yog ib tug neeg | - | - | - | hma (tawv nqaij), ntxhais (hmoov), yawm txiv (lub tsho) |
Qualitative adjective: nta lub ntsiab lus, hloov kho thiab siv
Cov npe zoo yog cov lus qhia thiab cov lus sau ua ke uas sib txuas cov lus qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm ib qho khoom, uas yog, ib qho kos npe uas tuaj yeem pom nws tus kheej mus rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov, rau ntau dua lossis tsawg dua, piv txwv li: tus menyuam roj hmab kim, ntxhais zoo nkauj, pluag artist, txawj ntse actor. Cov ntsiab lus zoo, ntxiv rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov xwm txheej, poj niam txiv neej thiab tus lej, kuj tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv luv luv, qib ntawm kev sib piv thiab ua ke nrog cov lus qhia "ntau". Lwm pawg ntawm adjectives (tus txheeb ze thiabpossessive) tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv no.
Kev kawm luv luv
Daim ntawv luv luv yog tsim los ntawm daim ntawv tag nrho thiab muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo nrog nws: kaw - kaw, nruj, nruj; zoo nkauj - zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj; teeb meem - teeb meem, teeb meem, teeb meem. Muaj ntau cov npe uas ib zaug muaj ob qho tag nrho thiab luv luv hauv Lavxias, tab sis hnub no lawv tsuas yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv luv xwb, piv txwv li: zoo siab, hlub, ntau, yuav tsum thiab lwm tus.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias keeb kwm nws yog daim ntawv luv luv ntawm cov npe uas suav tias yog qhov pib, pib, thiab thaum pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, tag nrho daim ntawv tau tsim los ntawm luv luv. Niaj hnub no, thaum tsim ib daim ntawv luv luv, alternation los yog poob vowels yuav pom: ntsuab - ntsuab, ntsuab, ntsuab; ntse - ntse, txiav, txiav. Daim ntawv luv luv hloov pauv los ntawm tus lej thiab poj niam txiv neej (singular), tab sis tsis txhob poob. Nyob rau hauv ib kab lus, raws li txoj cai, lawv ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug predicate: Nyob rau hauv no tiab, lub Countess yog txawv txawv.
Tsim cov qib kev sib piv
Kev sib piv thiab qib superlative ntawm kev sib piv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab thiab tag nrho qhov zoo no tau qhia hauv cov ntsiab lus: txiv yog zoo - zoo - zoo tshaj; ib tug kws txawj ntse - txawj ntse tshaj lwm tus - tus txawj ntse tshaj plaws. Nco qab tias lwm pawg ntawm adjectives xaiv tus cwj pwm ntawm ib yam khoom raws li qhov tas mus li, tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm gradation.
Qib kev sib piv tuaj yeem tsim ua hluavtaws - suffixally(Nyiaj - kim dua, zoo nkauj - zoo nkauj tshaj), thiab analytically - nrog kev pab los ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb:
- sib piv - ntau dua, tsawg + thawj daim ntawv ntawm adjective (ntau dua, tsis tshua nyiam);
- zoo heev - feem ntau, tsawg kawg, feem ntau + thawj daim ntawv ntawm adjective (feem ntau txaus nyiam, zoo siab tshaj plaws) los yog tag nrho, tag nrho + yooj yim piv adjective (sings zoo tshaj plaws, txaus siab tshaj plaws).
Cov lus ntawm ntu no ntawm kev hais lus hauv daim ntawv sib piv hluavtaws tsis hloov pauv hauv cov xwm txheej, tus lej thiab poj niam txiv neej thiab tsis pom zoo nrog lub npe, kos npe rau lawv xaiv. Lawv syntactic muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv ib kab lus yog ib feem ntawm lub compound nominal predicate (Ib tug qub phooj ywg zoo dua ob tug tshiab).
Rau feem ntau cov lus zoo, cov qauv yooj yim thiab cov qauv sib piv ntawm cov qib sib piv tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, tab sis muaj cov lus uas niaj hnub no tsis tsim cov kev sib piv yooj yim: pawg, ntxov, timid thiab lwm yam.
Lwm nuance uas koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau yog qhov tsim ntawm cov degrees ntawm kev sib piv los ntawm ntau lub hauv paus, piv txwv li: zoo - zoo, phem - phem, me - tsawg.
Los ntawm adjectives nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib piv thiab superlative degree, ib tug yuav tsum paub qhov txawv cov lus-kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug subjective kev ntsuam xyuas, uas qhia tsis tau lub degree ntawm manifestation ntawm ib tug muab feature nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov teeb meem, tab sis qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm no feature los ntawm tus hais lus: me me tes, lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, paws loj. Adjectives nrog suffixes -ovat -/-evat - yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv pab pawg no: cov lus no qhia txog qhov kev ntsuas tsis yog kev kawmfeature, tab sis lub hom phiaj tsis tiav ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim, piv txwv li: daj ntseg daj, ntsuab ntsuab.
Nyob zoo tus yam ntxwv
Yog tias peb piv cov npe ntawm cov npe thiab cov npe, peb tuaj yeem kos cov kab hauv qab no: cov npe tiag tiag qhia txog cov khoom, khoom siv, thiab cov npe txheeb ze - kos npe rau ntawm cov khoom no, khoom siv: ntoo - ntoo, mov - mov, dej khov. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cim qhia los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov pab pawg no tuaj yeem xa mus tsis yog rau cov khoom siv, tab sis kuj mus rau qhov chaw, sijhawm, thiab lwm yam, piv txwv li: yav tsaus ntuj, lub caij ntuj sov, txawv teb chaws, hauv tsev, ntug hiav txwv dej. Cov paib no tshwm sim tas li thiab tsis tuaj yeem qhia tau ntau dua lossis tsawg dua, yog li cov npe txheeb ze tsis tuaj yeem tsim qib ntawm kev sib piv.
Ntaus adjectives
qeb no suav nrog cov lus teb cov lus nug uas leej twg? thiab qhia tias yam khoom ntawd yog ib tug neeg lossis ib yam dab tsi: txiv tus phooj ywg, hma tus fang, yaj cov ntaub plaub, txiv yawg lub kaus mom.
Ranks of adjective: kev siv cov lus nyob rau hauv ib tug figurative sense
Txhawm rau kom muaj kev hais lus ntau ntxiv, qee zaum cov lus qhia los ntawm ib pawg tuaj yeem siv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus los ntawm lwm pawg, piv txwv li: hlau mug - hlau hlab ntsha, hma hma - hma saib, saw kub - golden tes. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, qeb ntawm adjective yog txiav txim siab tsis tau tsuas yog coj mus rau hauv tus account general formal indicators, tab sis kujmob siab rau cov ntsiab lus.
