Gymnosperms: kev tsim tawm thiab qauv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms

Cov txheej txheem:

Gymnosperms: kev tsim tawm thiab qauv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms
Gymnosperms: kev tsim tawm thiab qauv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms
Anonim

Gymnosperms yog cov noob qoob loo qub tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tsiaj qus thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Zoo-paub rau peb spruce, ntoo thuv, fir, thuja, yew los yog larch thiab me ntsis-paub velvichia, dabneeg los yog ginkgo - tag nrho cov no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg hu ua "Gymnosperms". Peb yuav txiav txim siab txog lawv cov qauv thiab kev tsim tawm tom qab hauv kab lus.

Keeb kwm thiab hnub nyoog

Cov gymnosperms muaj 350 lab xyoo. Lawv tau tshwm sim hauv Upper Devonian (Paleozoic) thiab thaum pib ntawm Mesozoic era twb tau mus txog lawv lub ncov. Piv txwv li, lawv cov keeb kwm yog txuam nrog gradual evolution ntawm spores - ferns. Muab piv rau lawv, cov nroj tsuag tshiab twb muaj ovules thiab paj ntoos nplej uas tau koom ncaj qha rau hauv kev tsim cov noob. Muaj ntau qhov zoo uas gymnosperms muaj:

  • reproduction tshwm sim yam tsis muajkev koom tes dej;
  • lub tsho tiv no thiab muab cov khoom noj kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov yub.

Raws li cov laj thawj no, tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv, lub npog ntsuab ntawm lub ntiaj teb twb yog cov gymnosperms feem ntau, cov qauv thiab kev tsim tawm uas tau pab txhawb rau kev vam meej ntawm thaj chaw tshiab thiab ecological niches.

Lub tsev nta

Feem ntau cov npe hu ua nroj tsuag loj hlob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntoo thiab shrubs, ntau zaus - evergreen, thiab tsis tshua muaj - deciduous. Qee zaum lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov loj me (sequoia, cedar). Feem ntau ntawm lawv cov nplooj yog koob-zoo li tus los yog muaj cov tsos ntawm nplai. Lawv raug hu ua koob thiab muaj cov kab ntawv resin.

kev tsim tawm ntawm gymnosperms
kev tsim tawm ntawm gymnosperms

Ntoo ua rau feem ntau ntawm lub cev. Nws muaj hollow tuag hlwb nrog perforated phab ntsa - tracheids. Lawv lub xub ntiag yog ib qho cim tshwj xeeb rau pawg nroj tsuag no. Nws yog los ntawm lawv cov dej ntws los ntawm cov cag mus rau nplooj.

Ntxiv rau cov tracheids, ntoo ntawm gymnosperms kuj muaj cov ducts. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm pab pawg no tau yooj yim lees paub los ntawm aroma coniferous tsw. Cov resin impregnates ntoo, uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm rotting. Vim qhov no, muaj ntau centenarians ntawm cov ntoo coniferous. Piv txwv li, qee qhov sequoias muaj txog 3,000 xyoo.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws evolutionary kom zoo dua uas gymnosperms muaj yog kev yug me nyuam yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm drip noo noo thiab muaj cov formations uas ua raws li cov kab mob ntawm cov me nyuam.

Cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm gymnosperms

Qhov tsis muaj paj yog qhov tseem ceeb muaj los ntawm gymnosperms. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag no tshwm sim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cones, los yog strobilus. Cov formations no yog ib qho yooj yim kom paub txog ntawm ntoo thuv, spruce, fir, larch thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm conifers. Lawv tuaj yeem hu ua lub cev ntawm kev sib deev.

nta ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms
nta ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms

Feem ntau cov cones yog sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej - lawv tuaj yeem yog txiv neej thiab poj niam thiab nyob ntawm tib tsob nroj (monoecious) los yog sib txawv (dioecious), txawv qhov loj thiab xim.

Txiv neej buds hu ua microstrobils, thiab poj niam buds hu ua megastrobils. Strobila yog luv luv thiab hloov kho tua, uas sporophylls nyob - hloov nplooj. Pollen ripens nyob rau hauv microstrobiles. Hauv megastrobils - ovules.

Txoj kev ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms

Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms yog xam raws li piv txwv ntawm Scotch ntoo thuv. Qhov no yog cov nroj tsuag monoecious, piv txwv li txiv neej thiab poj niam cones tsim ntawm tib tsob ntoo. Thawj ntawm lawv yog cov loj, reddish xim. Qhov thib ob yog me me, ntsuab lossis xiav.

Cov tswv yim yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms yog qhov yooj yim heev. Thaum paj ntoos hlob nyob rau hauv microstrobiles, nws nchuav tawm, kis los ntawm cua thiab tuaj yeem mus ntev. Ua li no, txhua paj paj noob tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb - paj paj paj. Plua plav particles poob rau ntawm ovules uas loj hlob ntawm megastrobiles. Qhov no yog li cas pollination tshwm sim.

Feem ntau nws ntog thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lossis pib lub caij ntuj sov. pollinatedpoj niam cones kaw, lawv cov nplai lo ua ke nrog cob. Fertilization tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ovules nyob rau hauv lub kaw cones.

Yuav ua li cas fertilization tshwm sim

Hauv lub ovule yog poj niam gametophyte, lossis embryo sac, uas mus dhau ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Pollen nkag mus rau hauv paj ntoos nkag ntawm lub ovule, nws pib germinate rau hauv lub paj ntoos raj mus rau archegonium (los ntawm Greek arche - "pib", ploj mus - "niam lub tsev menyuam"). Qhov kev tsim no muaj lub qe. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ob ntawm lawv tsim nyob rau hauv lub ovule, tab sis tsuas yog ib tug mus rau fertilization.

Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, ob lub phev spermatozoa twb tau loj hlob hauv cov paj noob hlis thiab pib txav mus rau hauv lub raj loj hlob. Thaum ib tug phev mus txog lub qe, fertilization tshwm sim. Qhov thib ob phev tuag. Tom qab fusion ntawm ob kab mob, lub noob embryo yog tsim - ib tug zygote. Lub ovule nws tus kheej yog hloov mus rau hauv ib lub noob. Germinating, nws yuav siv tau cov as-ham.

Qhov no yog li cas gymnosperms reproduce. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau qhia hauv daim duab.

gymnosperm txoj kev yug me nyuam
gymnosperm txoj kev yug me nyuam

Ripation and noob dispersal

Tom qab fertilization tau tshwm sim, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob pib. Hauv Scots ntoo thuv, ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem no kav ntev li 2 xyoos. Thaum ripe, lub cones ua woody thiab hloov xim. Maj mam, lawv cov nplai qhib, thiab cov noob nchuav tawm ntawm lawv.

Gymnosperms tsis tsim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kis tau mus rau lojnyob deb, cov noob muaj kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb - pterygoid membranous outgrowths, yooj yim nqa los ntawm cua.

Kev tsim tawm ntawm gymnosperms daim duab
Kev tsim tawm ntawm gymnosperms daim duab

Yog tias cov xwm txheej sab nraud tsis zoo rau kev cog qoob loo, cov noob tuaj yeem so tau ntev ua ntej qhov ntsuas kub zoo. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv no uas tso cai rau cov gymnosperms mus txog ntau hom tsiaj thiab kis mus rau thaj chaw loj.

Tus naj npawb ntawm hom thiab tus sawv cev

Pab pawg tau piav qhia muaj txog 600-700 hom. Tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, qee cov neeg sawv cev tsuas yog nyob hauv daim fossil xwb. Piv txwv li:

  • cordaite;
  • bennetite;
  • noob ferns.

Tus neeg sawv cev seem raug faib thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab loj hlob hauv txhua thaj chaw huab cua: los ntawm sab qab teb chaw sov (sago xibtes) mus rau sab qaum teb latitudes (cedar, larch, spruce, ntoo thuv).

Tus neeg sawv cev qub tshaj plaws ntawm gymnosperms, uas muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no, yog Ginkgo Biloba (biloba). Cov nroj tsuag no hu ua cov pob txha muaj sia, raws li nws tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb txij li Mesozoic era, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau imprints nyob rau hauv cov deposits ntawm ancient pob zeb.

gymnosperms qauv thiab kev tsim tawm
gymnosperms qauv thiab kev tsim tawm

Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv

thawj gymnosperms uas tau tshwm sim hauv Paleozoic era muaj ntau qhov zoo uas tso cai rau lawv los ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov evolutionarily tshiab nta yog hu ua aromorphoses thiab tso cai rau koj mus cuagib theem tshiab hauv kev txhim kho thaj chaw tshiab thiab ecological niches. Muaj ob peb yam xws li gymnosperms muaj:

  1. Kev tsim tawm yog ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm ib puag ncig dej. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem muaj thaj chaw loj ntawm thaj av.
  2. Fertilization tshwm sim hauv lub ovule thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud - xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau dua ntawm cov nroj tsuag yav tom ntej.
  3. Cov tsos ntawm cov noob ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab lub neej yav tom ntej embryo nrog kev tiv thaiv npog (cov noob tev) thiab cov khoom noj (endosperm), uas, dhau los, nce cov nroj tsuag hauv pawg no.
nta ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms
nta ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm gymnosperms

Nws yog cov yam ntxwv uas txawv ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv - ferns. Tom ntej no, thiab hnub no qhov kawg, theem ntawm evolutionary kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntiaj teb no yog cov tsos ntawm angiosperms.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm gymnosperms

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm gymnosperms tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Nws yog lawv cov uas sau txog li ib feem peb ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov hav zoov koom nrog hauv kev ua kom huv huv huab cua thiab rov ua dua cov pa tsis tu ncua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim thiab kev faib tawm dav ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsim cov pa oxygen hauv lub ntiaj teb tau ua rau muaj lwm yam kab mob uas tuaj yeem siv cov roj no hauv lawv txoj kev ua pa.

Conifers yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntoo rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Cov khoom siv raw no nquag siv rau hauv kev tsim cov rooj tog zaum, kev tsim kho, kev tsim khoom hauv nkoj thiab lwm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Spruce ntoo fibers yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nqis nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv zoo.

gymnosperms qauv thiab kev tsim tawm
gymnosperms qauv thiab kev tsim tawm

Gymnosperms yog siv dav hauv tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb - phytoncides, zais los ntawm yuav luag txhua tsob ntoo coniferous, muaj peev xwm ua kom huv huv huab cua los ntawm cov kab mob microbes. Vim li no, feem ntau sanatoriums thiab kev noj qab haus huv chaw ua si tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm cov hav zoov coniferous. Cov kev kho no tuaj yeem txo qis lossis tshem tawm ntau yam kab mob ntsws.

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