Sulfate acid: formula thiab tshuaj muaj zog

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov ntxhia acids uas tau paub rau tib neeg yog sulfuric, lossis sulfate. Tsis tsuas yog nws tus kheej xwb, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov ntsev tau siv rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj, kev lag luam zaub mov, thiab kev siv tshuab. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj dab tsi hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev hwm no. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas sulfate acid muaj ua rau nws yooj yim indispensable nyob rau hauv tshuaj syntheses. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov ntsev yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov sectors ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav nws yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub manifested zog.

Ntau lub npe

Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov khoom no muaj ntau lub npe. Ntawm lawv muaj cov uas tau tsim raws li kev xav nomenclature, thiab cov uas tau tsim keeb kwm. Yog li, qhov kev sib txuas no raug xaiv raws li:

• sulphate acid;
• vitriol;
• sulfuric acid;
• oleum.

Txawm hais tias lo lus "oleum" tsis haum rau cov tshuaj no, vim nws yog cov sib xyaw ntawm sulfuric acid thiab sulfur oxide ntau dua -SO_3.

Sulfate acid: formula thiab molecular qauv

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov tshuaj abbreviation, cov qauv ntawm cov kua qaub no tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no: H₂SO_{4. Obviously, lub molecule muaj ob hydrogen cations thiab ib tug anion ntawm cov acidic residue - sulfate ion, uas muaj ib tug nqi ntawm 2 +.}

Hauv qhov no, cov ntawv cog lus hauv qab no ua haujlwm hauv lub cev:

• covalent polar ntawm leej faj thiab oxygen;
• covalent muaj zog polar ntawm hydrogen thiab acid residue SO _4.

Sulfur, muaj 6 lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis sib xws, tsim ob daim ntawv cog lus nrog ob lub atoms oxygen. Nrog ob peb ntxiv - ib leeg, thiab cov, nyob rau hauv lem, ib leeg nrog hydrogens. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv ntawm cov molecule tso cai rau nws kom muaj zog txaus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, hydrogen cation yog heev mobile thiab yooj yim tawm, vim hais tias leej faj thiab oxygen yog ntau npaum li cas electronegative. Los ntawm rub lub electron ceev mus rau lawv tus kheej, lawv muab hydrogen nrog ib feem zoo nqi, uas yuav puv thaum detached. Qhov no yog li cas acidic daws tau tsim, uas muaj H+.

Yog tias peb tham txog oxidation xeev ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov compound, ces sulfate acid, cov mis uas yog H₂SO_{4, yooj yim tso cai rau koj xam lawv: hydrogen +1, oxygen -2, sulfur +6.}

Raws li nyob rau hauv ib qho molecule, tag nrho tus nqi yog xoom.

Discovery keeb kwm

Sulfate acid tau paub rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub. Txawm tias alchemists paub yuav ua li cas kom tau nws los ntawm calcining ntau vitriol. NrogThaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, tib neeg tau txais thiab siv cov khoom no. Tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Europe, Albert Magnus tau kawm yuav ua li cas tshem tawm cov kua qaub los ntawm cov hlau sulfate decomposition.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev tau txais txiaj ntsig. Tom qab ntawd lub thiaj li hu ua chamber version ntawm synthesis tau paub. Rau qhov no, sulfur thiab nitrate raug hlawv, thiab cov vapors tso tawm tau absorbed los ntawm dej. Yog li ntawd, sulfate acid tau tsim.

Txawm tias tom qab ntawd, cov neeg Askiv tau tswj xyuas qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj no. Pyrite tau siv rau qhov no - FeS_{2, hlau pyrites. Nws cov roasting thiab tom qab kev sib cuam tshuam nrog oxygen tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev lag luam rau kev sib txuas ntawm sulfuric acid. Cov khoom siv raw li no pheej yig dua, pheej yig dua thiab zoo dua rau ntau qhov ntau lawm.}

Lub cev muaj zog

Muaj ntau qhov tsis muaj, suav nrog cov khoom sab nraud, uas paub qhov txawv ntawm sulfate acid los ntawm lwm tus. Nws lub cev muaj zog tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv ntau lub ntsiab lus:

1. Ua kua raws li tus qauv txheej txheem.
2. Nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev concentrated, nws hnyav, oily, uas nws tau txais lub npe "vitriol".
3. Density of matter - 1.84 g/cm3.
4. Tsis muaj xim lossis tsw.
5. Nws muaj qhov hais "tooj liab" saj.
6. Dissols zoo heev nyob rau hauv dej, yuav luag unlimited.
7. Hygroscopic, muaj peev xwm ntxiab dej dawb thiab khi los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
8. Nyob tsis hloov.
9. Boiling point - 296oC.
10. Muaj 10, 3oC.

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib xyaw no yog lub peev xwm los ua kom dej nrog kev tso tawm ntawm cov cua kub ntau. Yog li ntawd, txawm tias los ntawm lub rooj zaum hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov menyuam yaus tau qhia tias tsis muaj peev xwm ntxiv dej rau cov kua qaub, tab sis tsuas yog lwm txoj hauv kev. Tom qab tag nrho, dej yog sib dua nyob rau hauv ntom, yog li nws yuav accumulate nyob rau saum npoo. Yog tias nws tau ntxiv rau cov kua qaub sai sai, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev sib cais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, xws li lub zog loj yuav raug tso tawm tias cov dej yuav boil thiab pib tawg nrog rau cov khoom txaus ntshai. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tes.

Yog li ntawd, cov kua qaub yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv dej hauv cov kwj deg, ces cov sib tov yuav kub heev, tab sis boiling yuav tsis tshwm sim, uas txhais tau hais tias cov kua kuj yuav txaws.

tshuaj muaj zog

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm chemistry, cov kua qaub no muaj zog heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws yog cov tshuaj muaj zog. Nws yog dibasic, yog li nws dissociates nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam, nrog tsim ntawm hydrosulfate thiab sulfate anions.

Feem ntau, nws cov kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ntau lub tebchaw sib raug rau txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom hauv chav kawm no. Peb tuaj yeem muab piv txwv ntawm ntau qhov sib npaug uas sulfate acid koom nrog. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tau tshwm sim hauv nws qhov kev cuam tshuam nrog:

• ntsev;
• hlau oxides thiab hydroxides;
• amphoteric oxides thiab hydroxides;
• metals sawv hauv cov kab hluav taws xob mus txog hydrogen.

BRaws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam, yuav luag txhua qhov xwm txheej, cov ntsev nruab nrab ntawm cov kua qaub (sulfates) lossis acidic ntsev (hydrosulfates) raug tsim.

Ib yam tshwj xeeb kuj yog nrog cov hlau raws li lub tswv yim ib txwm Me + H₂SO₄=MeSO ₄ + H_{2↑ tsuas yog ib qho kev daws ntawm ib qho tshuaj uas tau txais, uas yog, dilute acid. Yog tias peb noj cov concentrated lossis siab saturated (oleum), ces cov khoom sib cuam tshuam yuav txawv kiag li.}

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm sulfuric acid

Cov no suav nrog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus daws teeb meem nrog hlau. Yog li, muaj qee lub tswv yim uas qhia txog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshwm sim:

1. Yog cov hlau ua haujlwm, qhov tshwm sim yog tsim ntawm hydrogen sulfide, ntsev thiab dej. Qhov ntawd yog, leej faj txo mus rau -2.
2. Yog cov hlau yog cov haujlwm nruab nrab, ces qhov tshwm sim yog sulfur, ntsev thiab dej. Ntawd yog, txo cov sulfate ion kom dawb sulfur.
3. Metals uas tsis tshua muaj reactivity (tom qab hydrogen) - sulfur dioxide, ntsev thiab dej. Sulfur nyob rau hauv oxidation xeev +4.

Tsis tas li, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm sulfate acid yog lub peev xwm los oxidize qee cov hlau tsis muaj hlau rau lawv cov oxidation siab tshaj plaws thiab ua rau cov tebchaw nyuaj thiab oxidize lawv rau cov khoom yooj yim.

Txoj kev tau txais hauv kev lag luam

Cov txheej txheem sulfate rau kev tsim cov sulfuric acid muaj ob lub ntsiab:

• contact;
• tower.

Ob leeg yog txoj hauv kev tshaj plaws hauvkev lag luam hauv txhua lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog raws li kev siv hlau pyrite lossis sulfur pyrite ua raw khoom - FeS_{2. Muaj peb theem nyob rau hauv tag nrho:}

1. Roasting ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv nrog tsim cov sulfur dioxide raws li ib tug combustion khoom.
2. Dhau cov roj no los ntawm cov pa oxygen hla lub vanadium catalyst los ua sulfuric anhydride - SO_3.
3. Nyob rau hauv cov pej thuam haum, anhydride yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws ntawm sulfate acid nrog tsim ntawm ib tug high concentration daws - oleum. Heavy oily tuab kua.

Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog qhov zoo ib yam, tab sis nitrogen oxides siv los ua cov khoom siv. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov tsis zoo xws li cov khoom lag luam zoo, tus nqi thiab kev siv lub zog, purity ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv, tsim tau, thawj txoj kev yog ntau npaum thiab siv tau, yog li nws yog siv ntau zaus.

laboratory synthesis

Yog tias nws yuav tsum tau txais sulfuric acid hauv qhov me me rau kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj, ces txoj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hydrogen sulfide nrog sulfates ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj zog yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev tsim cov hlau sulfides tshwm sim, thiab sulfuric acid yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Rau cov kev tshawb fawb me me, qhov kev xaiv no tsim nyog, tab sis xws li cov kua qaub yuav tsis txawv ntawm purity.

Kuj hauv chav kuaj koj tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau cov tshuaj sulfate. Cov reagent feem ntau yog barium chloride, txij li Ba²⁺ ion, ua ke nrogsulfate anion precipitates rau hauv dawb precipitate - barite mis nyuj: H₂SO₄ + BaCL₂=2HCL +BaSO_4↓

Ntau ntsev ntau tshaj

Sulfate acid thiab sulfates nws cov ntaub ntawv yog cov sib txuas tseem ceeb hauv ntau lub lag luam thiab tsev neeg, suav nrog zaub mov. Cov ntsev ntau tshaj plaws ntawm sulfuric acid yog:

YGypsum (alabaster, selenite). Lub npe tshuaj yog aqueous calcium sulfate crystalline hydrate. Formula: CaSO
1. 4_{. Siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, tshuaj, pulp thiab ntawv, hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua.}
2. Barite (hnyav spar). barium sulfate. Nyob rau hauv kev daws, nws yog ib tug milky precipitate. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv - pob tshab crystals. Siv rau hauv cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag, X-rays, insulating txheej.
3. Mirabilite (Glauber's ntsev). Lub npe tshuaj yog sodium sulfate decahydrate. Formula: Na₂SO₄10H_{2O. Siv tshuaj ua laxative.}

Muaj ntau yam piv txwv ntawm cov ntsev uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov uas tau hais los saum no yog qhov ntau tshaj.

YSulfate lye

Cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm kev kho cua sov ntawm ntoo, uas yog, cellulose. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib xyaw no yog kom tau txais sulfate xab npum ntawm nws lub hauv paus los ntawm kev daws teeb meem. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm sulfate cawv yog raws li nram no:

• lignin;
• hydroxy acids;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• resin;
• tsis muaj zog thiab fatty acids;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates thiab sulfates ntawm sodium.

Muaj ob yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj no: dawb thiab dub sulfate cawv. Cov dawb mus rau kev lag luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv, thaum cov dub yog siv los ua sulfate xab npum hauv kev lag luam.

Main applications

Kev tsim tawm txhua xyoo ntawm sulfuric acid yog 160 lab tons hauv ib xyoos. Qhov no yog ib daim duab tseem ceeb heev, uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm cov compound no. Muaj ntau qhov kev lag luam thiab qhov chaw uas siv sulfate acid yog tsim nyog:

1. Nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb ua cov electrolyte, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov hlau lead.
2. Nyob hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm uas tsim cov tshuaj sulfate. Feem ntau ntawm cov kua qaub no yog siv tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv av chiv rau cov nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, cov nroj tsuag rau zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid thiab tsim cov chiv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm sab.
3. Hauv kev lag luam zaub mov ua emulsifier, qhia los ntawm code E513.
4. Hauv ntau cov organic syntheses ua tus neeg sawv cev dewatering, catalyst. Qhov no yog li cas cov khoom tawg, resins, tu thiab detergents, nylons, polypropylene thiab ethylene, dyes, tshuaj fibers, esters thiab lwm yam tebchaw.
5. Siv hauv cov lim dej kom huv thiab ua cov dej distilled.
6. Siv hauv kev rho tawm thiab ua cov khoom tsis tshua muaj los ntawm ore.

Tseem ntau chamoiskua qaub mus rau kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj, qhov twg nws tau txais los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv zos.