Yuav kom nkag siab tias hydrolysis ntawm cov ntsev hauv lawv cov kev daws teeb meem ua li cas, peb xub muab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem no.
Txhais thiab nta ntawm hydrolysis
txheej txheem no suav nrog cov tshuaj ua haujlwm ntawm cov dej ions nrog ntsev ions, vim li ntawd, lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog (lossis acid) raug tsim, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov nruab nrab hloov. Txhua ntsev tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov kua qaub. Nyob ntawm lawv lub zog, muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau cov txheej txheem.
YType of hydrolysis
Hauv chemistry, peb hom kev tshwm sim ntawm ntsev thiab dej cations raug txiav txim siab. Txhua tus txheej txheem yog nqa tawm nrog kev hloov pauv hauv pH ntawm nruab nrab, yog li nws yuav tsum siv ntau hom kev ntsuas los txiav txim seb tus nqi pH. Piv txwv li, ntshav litmus yog siv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acidic, phenolphthalein yog haum rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline. Cia peb txheeb xyuas kom meej ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov sib txawv hydrolysis. Lub hauv paus muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm lub rooj solubility, thiab lub zog ntawm cov kua qaub tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm lub rooj.
YCation hydrolysis
Raws li piv txwv ntawm xws li ntsev, xav txog ferric chloride (2). Hlau (2) hydroxide yog lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, thaum hydrochloric acid yog lub hauv paus muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej (hydrolysis), tsim ib qho yooj yim ntsev (hlau hydroxochloride 2) tshwm sim, thiab hydrochloric acid kuj tsim. Ib puag ncig acidic tshwm hauv cov tshuaj, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv xiav litmus (pH tsawg dua 7). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hydrolysis nws tus kheej pib los ntawm cation, txij li thaum lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog yog siv.
Cia peb muab ib qho piv txwv ntxiv ntawm hydrolysis rau cov lus piav qhia. Xav txog magnesium chloride ntsev. Magnesium hydroxide yog lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, thaum hydrochloric acid yog lub hauv paus muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej molecules, magnesium chloride hloov mus rau hauv ib qho yooj yim ntsev (hydroxochloride). Magnesium hydroxide, cov qauv dav dav uas yog M (OH)2, yog soluble hauv dej, tab sis muaj zog hydrochloric acid muab cov tshuaj rau ib puag ncig acidic.
YAnion hydrolysis
Cov kev xaiv hydrolysis tom ntej no yog cov ntsev, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus muaj zog (alkali) thiab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog. Ua piv txwv rau qhov no, xav txog sodium carbonate.
Cov ntsev no muaj cov tshuaj sodium muaj zog thiab cov roj carbonic acid tsis muaj zog. Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej molecules pib nrog kev tsim cov kua qaub ntsev - sodium bicarbonate, uas yog, hydrolysis ntawm anion tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium hydroxide yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, uas ua rau cov tshuaj alkaline.
Cia muab piv txwv rau rooj plaub no. Potassium sulfite yog ntsev uas yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus muaj zog - caustic potassium, nrog rau cov tsis muaj zogsulfuric acid. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej (thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis), tsim ntawm poov tshuaj hydrosulfite (acid ntsev) thiab poov tshuaj hydroxide (alkali) tshwm sim. Ib puag ncig hauv cov tshuaj yuav yog alkaline, koj tuaj yeem paub meej tias nws nrog phenolphthalein.
tag nrho hydrolysis
Cov ntsev ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog thiab lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog tau ua tiav hydrolysis. Wb sim saib seb nws qhov peculiarity yog dab tsi, thiab cov khoom twg yuav raug tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no.
Cia peb txheeb xyuas cov hydrolysis ntawm lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog acid siv txhuas sulfide ua piv txwv. Cov ntsev no yog tsim los ntawm txhuas hydroxide, uas yog lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, nrog rau cov tsis muaj zog hydrosulfuric acid. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog dej, ua tiav hydrolysis yog pom, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov gaseous hydrogen sulfide yog tsim, nrog rau txhuas hydroxide nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm precipitate. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv cation thiab hauv anion, yog li qhov kev xaiv hydrolysis no suav tias ua tiav.
Tsis tas li, magnesium sulfide tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hom ntsev no nrog dej. Cov ntsev no muaj magnesium hydroxide, nws cov mis yog Mg (OH) 2. Nws yog lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, insoluble hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj hydrosulfide acid hauv magnesium sulfide, uas tsis muaj zog. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog dej, ua tiav hydrolysis tshwm sim (raws li cation thiab anion), vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm magnesium hydroxide yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm precipitate, thiab hydrogen sulfide kuj tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug roj.
Yog tias peb xav txog hydrolysis ntawm ntsev, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj zog thiab muaj zoghauv paus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws tsis xau. Qhov nruab nrab hauv kev daws cov ntsev xws li sodium chloride, potassium nitrate tseem nyob nruab nrab.
Zoo kawg
Cov hauv paus muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog, cov kua qaub uas tsim cov ntsev, cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov nruab nrab hauv kev daws teeb meem. Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau nthuav dav hauv qhov xwm txheej.
Hydrolysis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Nws muaj cov hlau sulfides, uas yog me ntsis soluble hauv dej. Raws li lawv hydrolyze, hydrogen sulfide yog tsim, nws tso tawm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm volcanic kev ua si rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Silicate pob zeb hauv kev hloov mus rau hydroxides ua rau cov pob zeb puas tsuaj zuj zus. Piv txwv li, ib qho ntxhia xws li malachite yog cov khoom ntawm hydrolysis ntawm tooj liab carbonates.
Cov txheej txheem hnyav ntawm hydrolysis kuj tshwm sim hauv dej hiav txwv. Magnesium thiab calcium bicarbonates, uas yog ua los ntawm dej, muaj ib qho me ntsis alkaline ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis hauv cov nroj tsuag marine ua tau zoo, cov kab mob hauv hiav txwv loj hlob ntxiv.
Hauv cov roj muaj impurities ntawm dej thiab ntsev ntawm calcium thiab magnesium. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj cua sov, lawv cuam tshuam nrog dej vapor. Thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis, hydrogen chloride yog tsim, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov cuab yeej.
