Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam tshuaj rau tib neeg lub cev yog qhov tsis meej. Feem ntau ntawm cov paub sib txuas yog qhov nruab nrab lossis ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv tib neeg lub neej. Tab sis muaj ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Lawv muab faib ua ob peb chav kawm. Cov arsenic acid tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm no yog ib qho tshuaj lom tshuaj lom neeg. Raws li kev faib tawm tam sim no, nws suav nrog hauv chav kawm thib ob ntawm kev txaus ntshai ntxiv, nrog rau chloroform, lead thiab lithium compounds. Cia peb kawm txog cov khoom ntawm arsenic acid kom ntxaws ntxiv.
qauv ntawm cov molecule thiab lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov teeb meem
Cov tshuaj no muaj cov qauv crystalline nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj. Ua tribasic, arsenic acid, cov mis uas yog H3AsO4, muaj ob qho tib si nruab nrab thiab acidic ntsev. Piv txwv li, potassium hydrogen arsenate - K2HAsO4, sodium dihydroarsenate - NaH2AsO4, lithium arsenate - Li3AsO4. Los ntawm calcining arsenic acid, arsenic hemipentoxide tau txais, hu ua arsenicanhydride. Nws cov pob tshab dawb pob tshab tsim cov iav loj, tsis zoo soluble hauv dej.
Dissociation
H3AsO4, nrog rau formic acid thiab lead hydroxide, yog ib qho tsis muaj zog electrolyte. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub ionization lub rooj ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws acids, orthoarsenic acid muaj peb dissociation tas li: 5.6 x 10-3, 1.5 x 10-7. thiab 3, 89 x 10-12. Cov ntsuas no ua kom pom tseeb lub zog ntawm cov kua qaub. Raws li cov dissociation constants, nyob rau hauv lub series ntawm inorganic acids, H3AsO4 occupies ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm chromic thiab antimony acids. Lavxias teb sab chemists A. L. thiab I. L. Agafonovs tsim ib tug lej qhia nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau txais kev vam meej ntawm thawj thiab thib ob dissociation tas li ntawm arsenic acid nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 0 ° C mus rau 50 ° C.
Txhim kho cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg
Qib ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic atom, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov kua qaub molecule, yog +5. Qhov no hais txog qhov tseeb tias qhov sib xyaw nws tus kheej, hauv tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lwm cov tshuaj, nthuav tawm cov khoom oxidizing. Yog li, thaum nws cuam tshuam nrog cov poov tshuaj iodide, uas ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, hauv cov kua qaub nruab nrab, ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, peb yuav pom arsenic acid H3AsO3. . Nco qab tias arsenic acid, uas nws cov mis H3AsO4, yog tribasic, uas txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis lossis insoluble hauv paus nws tuaj yeem muab peb hom. ntsev: nruab nrab, hydro- thiab dihydroarsenates. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau ib qho ionAsO43- hauv analytical chemistry yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm arsenic acid nws tus kheej los yog nws cov ntsev nrog soluble silver ntsev, piv txwv li, nrog nitrate. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb saib cov nag lossis daus ntawm Ag3AsO4kas fes xim.
Iodometric txoj kev rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm arsenic acid
Nyob rau hauv analytical chemistry, ib txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog kev tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj sib txuas hauv cov kev daws teeb meem. Arsenic acid, cov khoom siv tshuaj uas peb xav ua ntej, tuaj yeem kuaj pom los ntawm micromethod ntawm iodometry. Rau 1 ml ntawm nws cov tshuaj yog poured tib lub ntim ntawm 4N. hydrochloric acid tov thiab 1 ml ntawm 4% poov tshuaj iodide tov. Arsenic sesquioxide As2O3 yog tsim.
Oxidizing zog ntawm arsenic acid
Raws li koj paub, H3AsO4, , zoo li phosphoric acid, yog electrolyte ntawm nruab nrab lub zog. Nws cov pob tshab dawb pob tshab plooj hauv huab cua thiab muaj qhov sib xyaw 2H 3AsO4 х H2O. Nws cov ntsev tsim los ntawm alkali hlau (ob nruab nrab thiab acidic) nyob rau hauv aqueous daws muaj pH ntau dua 7. Lithium, potassium, sodium thiab ammonium arsenates yog soluble nyob rau hauv dej, thaum cov ntsev nruab nrab tsis yaj nyob rau hauv nws. Arsenic acid yog ib qho zoo oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, nws txo qis rau arsenous acid lossis arsine.
H3AsO4 + 2e + 2H+=H3AsO3 + H2O
H3AsO4 + 8e + 8H+=AsH 3 + 4H2O
Ntxiv rau, arsenic acid yooj yim oxidizes ntau yam hlau, sulfite thiab iodide acids, nrog rau hydrogen sulfide.
Kev tsim cov arsenic acid
Nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob, H3AsO4 tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm arsenic sesquioxide nrog nitrate acid los ntawm cua sov. Cov khoom muaj trivalent nitric oxide thiab H3AsO4. Lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau txais yog kev tawg ntawm arsenic oxide hauv dej. Feem ntau, kom tau txais nws, ib txhij oxidation thiab hydrolysis ntawm trialkyl arsenites nrog kev daws ntawm hydrogen peroxide rhuab mus rau 50 ° C yog siv. Ib txhij, dej thiab cawv raug tshem tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov. Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj yog evaporated thiab arsenic acid ntawm siab purity yog tau. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom siv raw kom tau txais arsenic acid yog cov ntxhia: arsenolite thiab arsenopyrite, cov deposits uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk thiab Chita cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.
Siv H3AsO4
Muab qhov tseeb tias orthoarsenic acid yog ib qho tshuaj lom uas muaj zog tshaj plaws. Nws siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub yog txwv. Cov ntsev ntau dua yog cov arsenates, uas nws toxicity tsawg dua li ntawm H3AsO4 nws tus kheej. Yog li, hauv kev lag luam ntoo, ua ke nrog zinc sulfate thiab pentachlorophenol sodium ntsev, arsenic acid yog siv rau kev ua ntoo. Txoj kev no minimizes poob los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cellulose los ntawm fungalkab mob thiab larvae ntawm ntoo beetles. Hauv tshuaj, H3AsO4yog siv los ua ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj "Atoxil" rau kev kho cov kab mob protozoal xws li giardiasis, balantidiasis, isosporiasis..
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev kis tus kabmob ntawm cov pejxeem uas muaj cov kabmob no tau nce zuj zus tsis ntev los no. Muaj ntau yam laj thawj - piv txwv li, kis kab mob los ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj cov kab mob protozoan, los ntawm kab tom los yog los ntawm kev sib deev. Arsenic acid yog siv los ua cov khoom pib hauv kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag, nrog rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Derivative H3AsO4- nws cov ntsev ntsev tau ntse siv hauv kev kho mob dermatology thiab phthisiology. Cov tshuaj arsenic yog siv hauv kev kho hniav (arsenic paste) ua cov tshuaj siv los txo qhov mob rhiab heev ntawm cov hlab ntsha tawg thaum nws raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kwj deg.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua qaub rau tib neeg lub cev
Raws li tau hais ua ntej, H3AsO4yog suav nrog hauv chav kawm thib ob ntawm kev txaus ntshai - cov tshuaj txaus ntshai heev. Kev noj tshuaj tuag yog suav tias yog ob qho tib si acid nws tus kheej thiab nws cov ntsev ntawm 15 mus rau 150 mg ib kilogram ntawm tib neeg lub cev qhov hnyav. Nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg, arsenic acid ua rau necrosis ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev: ntsws, plab, hnyuv.
Hauv chav kuaj, thaum ua kev sim nrog arsenates thiab H 3AsO4nco ntsoov siv hnab looj tes tiv thaiv, thiabkev sim tau ua nyob rau hauv ib lub hood. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm intoxication ntawm cov cell, nws cov enzymatic system yog cuam tshuam, vim enzymes yog inactivated. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, lom nrog arsenates ua rau paresis thiab txawm tuag tes tuag taw. Hauv oncology, thaum siv tshuaj kho mob, cov neeg mob ntawm miarsenol thiab novarsenol lom raug kaw yog tias tsis ua raws li kev noj tshuaj. Kev pab thawj zaug rau kev lom nrog arsenic acid ntsev muaj nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov tam sim ntawd (piv txwv li, nrog kev daws ntawm unitiol lossis silicon dioxide npaj).
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, hemodialysis tau sau tseg. Raws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob, ntxiv rau 5% kev daws teeb meem, Strizhevsky tuaj yeem siv tau. Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm lub tsheb thauj neeg mob xwm txheej ceev hauv tsev, kev daws ntawm citric acid tuaj yeem siv los txo qis kev qaug cawv, tom qab ntawd ua rau ntuav thiab plab hnyuv. Txhua yam kev kho mob yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev nruj kev pw tsaug zog nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob.
