Geological Devonian lub sijhawm (420 - 358 lab xyoo dhau los) yog suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm Paleozoic lig. Lub sijhawm no, ntau qhov xwm txheej biotic tshwm sim uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Lub Devonian system tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1839 los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Adam Sedgwick thiab Roderick Murchison hauv lub nroog Askiv ntawm Devonshire, tom qab uas nws tau hu ua.
Flora thiab fauna
Hnub ua ntej ntawm Devonian tau muaj kev ploj tuag ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic. Ntau hom, yav tas los thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tsuas yog tuag thiab ploj mus. Nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw, cov pab pawg tshiab ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsiaj tshwm sim. Nws yog lawv tus uas txiav txim siab seb cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu ntawm lub sijhawm Devonian zoo li cas.
Tseem muaj kev hloov pauv tiag tiag. Tam sim no lub neej tsim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv thiab dej qab reservoirs, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv av. Terrestrial vertebrates thiab terrestrial nroj tsuag nthuav dav. Lub sij hawm Devonian, uas nws cov nroj tsuag thiab fauna txuas ntxiv mus, tau cim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm thawj ammonites (cephalopods). Bryozoans, plaub-beam corals, thiab qee hom tsev fuabtais brachiopods tau ntsib lawv lub hnub qub.
Lub neej ntawm hiav txwv
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic tau cuam tshuam tsis yog los ntawm ntuj tsim, tab sis kujKev nyab xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm Devonian, nrog rau kev sib zog tectonic txav, cosmic cuam tshuam thiab (feem ntau) hloov pauv hauv cov chaw nyob. Lub neej hauv hiav txwv tau dhau los ua ntau haiv neeg piv rau Silurian. Lub sijhawm Devonian ntawm Paleozoic era yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau hom ntses (qee cov kws tshawb fawb txawm hu nws tias "lub sijhawm ntses"). Tib lub sijhawm, kev tuag ntawm cystoids, nautiloids, trilobites thiab graptolites pib.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov genera ntawm pob khawm brachiopods tau mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws. Cov spiriferids, atripids, rhynchonellids, thiab terebratulids yog ntau haiv neeg. Brachiopods tau txawv los ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm hom thiab kev hloov pauv sai thaum lub sijhawm. Cov pab pawg no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau paleontologists thiab geologists koom nrog hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm cov sediments.
Lub sijhawm Devonian, nrog ntau yam tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag piv rau yav dhau los, tau ua pov thawj tias tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho corals. Ua ke nrog stromatoporoids thiab bryozoans, lawv pib koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm cov pob zeb. Lawv tau pab los ntawm ntau yam calcareous algae uas nyob hauv Devonian hiav txwv.
Invertebrates thiab vertebrates
Ostracods, crustaceans, tentaculites, blastoids, hiav txwv lilies, hiav txwv urchins, sponges, gastropods thiab conodonts tsim ntawm invertebrates. Raws li qhov seem ntawm qhov kawg, cov kws tshaj lij niaj hnub no txiav txim siab lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary.
Lub sijhawm Devonian tau cim los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov vertebrates. Raws li tau hais los saum no, nws yog "hnub nyoog ntses" - armored, pob txha thiabcartilaginous ntses coj txoj hauj lwm. Ib pab pawg tshiab tau tshwm sim los ntawm pawg no. Cov no yog ntses zoo li lub puab tsaig tsis muaj kab mob. Vim li cas cov vertebrates thiaj li vam meej? Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij daim tawv nqaij thiab armored ntses, pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cev thiab lub taub hau tau npog nrog ib tug haib tiv thaiv plhaub - ib tug txiav txim sib cav nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam kom ciaj sia. Cov tsiaj no txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug sedentary txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Devonian, tsis tsuas yog cartilaginous, tab sis kuj sharks tshwm. Lawv tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tom qab - hauv Mesozoic.
Ntsuab
Thaum lub sijhawm uas tau cais Devonian los ntawm Silurian, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv av tau ua haujlwm ntau dua. Lawv txoj kev hloov pauv sai sai thiab hloov mus rau txoj kev tshiab hauv av tau pib. Thaum Ntxov thiab Nruab Nrab Devonian tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm vascular, rhinophytes, loj hlob hauv thaj chaw swampy ntawm thaj av. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm lawv tau ploj mus txhua qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Devonian, spore nroj tsuag (arthropods, qws mosses, thiab ferns) twb muaj lawm.
Thawj qhov kev tawm dag zog tau tshwm sim. Shrubs tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv ntoo. Heterosporous ferns kis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog. Hauv paus, cov nroj tsuag hauv av tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntug dej hiav txwv, qhov chaw sov, me me thiab huab cua tsim. Cov teb chaws nyob deb ntawm dej hiav txwv thaum lub sij hawm ntawd tseem muaj tsis muaj nroj tsuag.
Climate
Lub sijhawm Devonian tau txawv los ntawm qhov pom tseeb ntawm thaj chaw nyab xeeb piv rau qhov pib ntawm Paleozoic. Sab hnub tuaj European platform thiab Urals nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam equatorial (qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kub 28-31 ° C), Transcaucasia nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam kub (23-28 ° C). Ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv Western Australia.
Arid climate (dry desert climate) tau tsim nyob rau hauv Canada. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov xeev Saskatchewan thiab Alberta, nrog rau hauv Mackenzie River phiab, muaj cov txheej txheem ntsev ntau ntxiv. Xws li ib tug yam ntxwv kab nyob rau hauv North America yog tshuav los ntawm lub sij hawm Devonian. Minerals sau nyob rau hauv lwm lub cheeb tsam thiab. Cov kav dej Kimberlite tau tshwm sim ntawm Siberian platform, uas tau los ua cov pob zeb diamond loj tshaj plaws.
Wet regions
Thaum kawg ntawm Devonian nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia, qhov nce ntawm cov dej noo tau pib, vim cov txheej txheej uas muaj cov manganese oxides thiab hlau hydroxides tshwm nyob rau ntawd. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, huab cua ntub yog yam ntxwv ntawm qee thaj chaw ntawm Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, South Australia). Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov av noo siab, uas nag lossis daus ntau dua tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv av thiab evaporate.
Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no (nrog rau nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb ntawm Asia) reef massifs nyob, reef limestones accumulated. Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau tsim nyob rau hauv Belarus, Kazakhstan thiab Siberia. Nyob rau hauv Thaum Ntxov Devonian, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ib nrab cais thiab cais bass tsim, nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb ntawm uas cais fauna complexes tshwm sim. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv pib plooj.
Mineral resources
Nyob rau hauv Devonian, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj huab cua ntub, qhov qub tshaj plaws thee seams nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tau tsim. Cov kev tso nyiaj no suav nrog kev tso nyiaj hauv Norway thiab Timan. Cov roj thiab roj bearing horizons ntawm lub Pechora thiab Volga-Ural cheeb tsam yog nyob rau lub sij hawm Devonian. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog thaj chaw zoo sib xws hauv Asmeskas, Canada, Sahara thiab Amazon Basin.
Lub sijhawm no, hlau ore reserves pib tsim hauv Urals thiab Tatarstan. Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj huab cua qhuav, tuab strata ntawm cov ntsev ntsev tau tsim (Canada thiab Belarus). Volcanic manifestations coj mus rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm tooj liab pyrite ores nyob rau hauv lub North Caucasus thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj slopes ntawm lub Urals. Lead-zinc thiab hlau-manganese deposits tshwm nyob rau hauv Central Kazakhstan.
Tectonics
Thaum pib ntawm Devonian nyob rau thaj tsam North Atlantic, cov qauv roob tau sawv thiab pib nce siab (Northern Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, Altai). Lavrussia thaum lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv equatorial latitudes, Siberia, Kauslim Teb thiab Tuam Tshoj - nyob rau hauv temperate latitudes. Gondwana tau tag nrho nyob rau sab qab teb hemisphere.
Lavrussia tsim thaum pib ntawm Devonian. Qhov ua rau nws tshwm sim yog kev sib tsoo ntawm Eastern Europe thiab North America. Lub teb chaws no tau ntsib kev nce siab heev (rau qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej ntws). Nws cov khoom yaig (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm clastic liab sediments) sau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv, Greenland, Svalbard thiab Scandinavia. Los ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb, Lavrussia tau ncig los ntawm cov roob tshiab.cov qauv (Northern Appalachian thiab Newfoundland fold system).
Feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm East European Platform yog thaj av qis nrog me me toj roob hauv pes. Tsuas yog nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob, hauv cheeb tsam ntawm British-Scandinavian mobile siv, yog cov roob qis thiab cov toj siab loj nyob. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub Devonian, qhov qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub East European Platform raug dej nyab los ntawm lub hiav txwv. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv lowland, liab paj nthuav. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm high salinity, deposits ntawm dolomites, gypsum thiab pob zeb ntsev sau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub hiav txwv phiab.
