Txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm Mendeleev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv pawg, nyob ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav txheeb xyuas seb halogens (lossis halogens) yog dab tsi.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm halogens
Halogens yog cov ntsiab lus los ntawm Mendeleev lub sijhawm lub sijhawm ntawm pawg 17, thiab raws li kev faib tawm tsis tu ncua - 7 ntawm pawg loj. Halogen suav nrog tsuas yog 5 yam tshuaj, suav nrog fluorine, chlorine, iodine, astatine thiab bromine. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov tsis yog hlau. Halogens yog cov nquag oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab nyob rau theem sab nraud, cov ntsiab lus no muaj 7 electrons.
Halogens yog dab tsi, vim li cas lawv thiaj tau lub npe zoo li no? Lo lus "halogen" yog muab los ntawm ob lo lus Greek uas ua ke txhais tau tias "yug ntsev". Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg no, chlorine, tsim cov ntsev ua ke nrog sodium.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm pawg halogen
Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogens zoo ib yam, tab sis lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm ib leeg.
Fluorine yog cov tshuaj daj daj uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw phem heev. Cov tshuaj chlorine yog cov roj ntsuab-daj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw hnyav. Bromine yog cov kua dej xim avxim. Astatine yog cov khoom xiav-dub nrog cov ntxhiab tsw. Iodine yog grey khoom. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug: "Halogens yog dab tsi?". Cov no yog gases, thiab kua, thiab solids.
Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm halogen pawg
Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov halogens yog tias lawv yog cov oxidizers nquag heev. Cov halogen nquag tshaj plaws yog fluorine, uas cuam tshuam nrog tag nrho cov hlau, thiab qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws yog astatin.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog halogens hauv cov khoom yooj yim (nrog rau qee qhov tsis yog hlau) yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv tsuas pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm compounds.
Fluorine
Cov tshuaj fluorine no tsuas yog tau txais thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis hu ua Henri Moissan. Fluorine yog cov pa daj daj daj. Halogens yog cov tsis yog hlau thiab oxidizers, thiab fluorine yog cov nquag nquag ntawm tag nrho cov halogens. Tam sim no qhov halogen no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam vim tias nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej, hluav taws xob daim kab xev, ntau yam ntaub coatings, non-stick nto rau yias thiab pwm, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha. Hauv kev lag luam, halogen no yog diluted nrog nitrogen.
Chlorine
chlorine yog cov tshuaj muaj npe nrov uas koom nrog pawg halogens. Dab tsi yog halogens, peb tshuaj xyuas saum toj no. Chlorine khaws cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom ntawm nws pawg.
Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lo lus Greek "chloros", uas txhais tau tias ntsuab ntsuab. Qhov no gasdav heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws muaj nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Cov tshuaj chlorine yog ib yam tshuaj tseem ceeb heev, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom dawb huv, tshuaj tua kab mob hauv pas dej da dej, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov dej haus.
Tab sis chlorine kuj paub tias yog riam phom tua tuag. Xyoo 1915, cov tub rog German tau siv txog 6 txhiab lub tog raj kheej nrog cov halogen no tawm tsam Fabkis cov tub rog. Qhov riam phom tuag no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshuaj German nto moo Fritz Haber.
Iodine
Iodine, lossis iodine, yog lwm yam tshuaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv pawg halogen. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj, lub caij no yog hu ua tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li iodine, tab sis iodine yog suav hais tias yog nws lub npe tsis tseem ceeb. Lub npe ntawm lub caij los ntawm Greek lo lus, uas txhais tau tias "violet" hauv Lavxias. Cov tshuaj no muaj ntau heev hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov halogens, feem ntau yog chlorine, ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob zoo heev rau qhov txhab thiab khawb. Tam sim no iodine tau siv hauv tshuaj los tiv thaiv cov kab mob thyroid.
Astatine
Astatine yog qhov nthuav vim nws yeej tsis tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshuaj hauv qhov ntau uas nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Thiab feem ntau yuav, lub sijhawm no yuav tsis raug nthuav tawm rau lawv. Yog tias cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntau, nws yuav evaporate tam sim ntawd, vim qhov kub thiab txias uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov no.keeb. Astatine yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg tshaj plaws, thiab muaj qee qhov me me ntawm nws pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust.
Astatine yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov halogens, vim tias tam sim no tsis muaj kev siv rau nws.
Siv thiab lub ntsiab
Txawm hais tias txhua qhov halogens muaj cov tshuaj zoo sib xws, lawv tau siv rau hauv thaj chaw sib txawv. Piv txwv li, fluoride zoo heev rau cov hniav, yog li nws ntxiv rau cov tshuaj txhuam hniav. Kev siv cov tshuaj kho thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas muaj cov tshuaj fluorine, tiv thaiv cov tsos ntawm caries. Chlorine yog siv los tsim hydrochloric acid, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj. Cov tshuaj chlorine yog siv los ua cov roj hmab, yas, cov kuab tshuaj, dyes, thiab hluavtaws fibers. Cov tshuaj uas muaj cov ntsiab lus no yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb rau kev tswj kab tsuag. Halogen chlorine yog indispensable rau bleaching ntawv thiab ntaub. Kev siv cov tshuaj chlorine los kho cov dej haus yog suav tias tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb. Bromine, uas yog halogen, nrog rau iodine feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm halogens hauv tib neeg lub neej yog qhov loj heev. Yog tias peb xav txog lub neej ntawm tib neeg yam tsis muaj halogens, ces peb yuav tsis muaj cov khoom xws li cov duab, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, roj hmab, yas, linoleum thiab ntau lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj no yog tsim nyog rau tib neeg lub cev ua haujlwm ib txwm, uas yog, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lom neeg. Txawm hais tias cov khoom ntawm halogens thiabzoo ib yam, lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj yog txawv.
