Ntawm no yog cov tub rog caj qaum, txiav cov tub rog ko taw zoo li riam hla lub butter. Txhua tus tub rog tub rog tuaj yeem tawm tsam kaum npaug ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ko taw rog, vim nws muaj peev xwm ua tau, txav tau thiab muaj peev xwm tawm tsam sai thiab muaj zog. Lub cavalry tsis tsuas tuaj yeem sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev sib cais los ntawm cov tub rog ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem npog qhov kev ncua deb hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws, tshwm sim hauv qab thiab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Cov tub rog tub rog tuaj yeem tig rov qab tam sim ntawd thiab rov ua pawg nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, hloov ib hom kev ua mus rau lwm qhov, uas yog, cov neeg tua hluav taws paub yuav ua li cas tawm tsam ob qho tib si ntawm ko taw thiab hauv qab nees. Cov hauj lwm tau daws nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua - tactical, kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov tswv yim.
Cavalry classification
Ib yam li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab infantry, muaj peb pawg ntawm no. Lub teeb cavalry (hussars thiab lancers, thiab txij li xyoo 1867, Cossacks tau koom nrog lawv) tau npaj rau kev tshawb nrhiav thiab saib xyuas. Linear tau sawv cev los ntawm dragoons - pib lawvtau hu ua zaj thaum lub infantry twb nyuam qhuav muab tso rau nees. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau los ua raws nraim li cov tub rog tub rog, uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm ko taw. Dragoons tau txais koob meej tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv Peter lub Great. Pab pawg thib peb ntawm cov tub rog - tsis xwm yeem (hauv kev txhais lus - tsis raug) thiab hnyav - muaj Cossacks thiab Kalmyks, nrog rau cov tub rog hnyav hnyav uas yog tus tswv ntawm kev tawm tsam ze.
Nyob rau hauv lwm lub tebchaws, cov tub rog tau muab faib yooj yim dua: lub teeb, nruab nrab thiab hnyav, uas nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm tus nees. Lub teeb - nees rangers, lancers, hussars (ib tug nees hnyav txog tsib puas kilograms), nruab nrab - dragoons (mus txog rau puas), hnyav - knights, reiters, grenadiers, carabinieri, cuirassiers (ib tug nees nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog hnyav dua. tshaj yim puas kilograms). Lub Cossacks ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tau ntev tau raug suav hais tias tsis xwm yeem cavalry, tab sis maj mam haum rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, coj qhov chaw nyob ib sab ntawm lub dragoons. Nws yog Cossack cavalry regiment uas tau los ua lub ntsiab hem thawj rau cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv tsov rog ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Cov tub rog tub rog tau muab faib ua pawg raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab cov haujlwm tau muab. Cov no yog cov tswv yim, tactical, pem hauv ntej thiab tub rog cavalry.
Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus paub ob hom tub rog - infantry thiab cavalry, tab sis nws yog nrog kev pab los ntawm tom kawg uas kev sib ntaus sib tua tau yeej, engineering thiab kev thauj mus los ua haujlwm, rears tau them, txawm tias qhov chaw tseem ceeb tau nyob, tau kawg, los ntawm infantry. Nees tau siv los xa cov tub rog mus rau thaj chaw. Qhov no tshwm sim mus txog thaumxyoo pua kaum ib. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau qee lub sijhawm, infantry yeej yeej ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog cov neeg caij nees, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog tau pib ua tus thawj coj. Tej zaum nws yog thaum ntawd thawj cov tub rog tub rog tau tshwm sim. Qhov kev poob qis tas li hauv kev ua tsov ua rog nrog cov steppes qhia cov thawj coj ntawm Kyiv ntau, thiab tsis ntev cov Russians tau los ua tsis muaj neeg caij tsheb loj dua: kev qhuab qhia, koom ua ke, ua siab loj.
Tom qab ntawd cov yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias pib. Yog li, hauv 1242, cov tub rog tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev swb ntawm Teutonic Order (Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm dej khov). Tom qab ntawd muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, qhov twg Dmitry Donskoy lub ambush reserve cavalry regiment predetermined qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov tub rog horde. Cov Tatar-Mongols muaj kev poob siab, lub teeb cavalry, zoo heev (tumens, txhiab, pua thiab kaum), zoo kawg nkaus wielding hneev, thiab ntxiv rau, hmuv, saber, axes thiab club. Cov tactics yog ib feem Persian los yog Parthian - nkag mus rau lub teeb cavalry rau hauv lub flanks thiab rear, ces yog thiab ntev lub sij hawm shelling los ntawm Mongolian ntev-ntev hneev, thiab thaum kawg ib tug nres ntawm crushing quab yuam, uas twb nqa tawm los ntawm hnyav cavalry. Tactics proven thiab yuav luag invincible. Thiab tseem, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib kaum tsib, cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab tau tsim txaus los tiv thaiv nws.
phom
Lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau coj mus rau qhov ua ntej cov tub rog siv phom phom, vim qhov no, ob qho tib si ntawm kev ua tsov rog thiab txoj hauv kev siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hloov pauv. Yav dhau los, cais tub rog tub rog tau tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab nrog riam phom melee, tam sim no tua tau teeb tsaqeb ncaj los ntawm tus nees. Kev tsim ntawm cov tub rog tau sib sib zog nqus heev, mus txog kaum tsib lossis ntau dua, uas tau nce qib ib los ntawm ib qho los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua mus rau thawj kab.
Nws yog thaum ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum rau, uas dragoons thiab cuirassiers tshwm sim. Lub cavalry ntawm lub xyoo pua xya Swedes muaj tag nrho ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, huab tais Gustav Adolf tau npaj cov tub rog nyob rau hauv ob kab ntawm plaub qib, uas muab cov tub rog muaj zog loj, muaj peev xwm tsis tsuas yog tawm tsam kev txiav txim siab, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm yooj yim. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntawd uas muaj cov tub rog los ntawm squadrons thiab cavalry regiments tshwm sim. Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, cov tub rog tau tsim ntau tshaj li tsib caug feem pua ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau ntau lub teb chaws, thiab nyob rau hauv Fabkis cov infantry yog ib thiab ib nrab zaus tsawg dua.
Peb muaj
Nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub centuries no, lub cavalry twb muab faib ua hnyav, nruab nrab thiab lub teeb, tab sis ntau ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib caug xyoo, ib tug hauv zos mobilization ntawm tib neeg thiab nees tau tsim, thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob txawv heev ntawm lub kev cob qhia ntawm Russian horsemen thiab Western European. Qhov kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm no tau ntxiv rau cov tub rog Lavxias nrog ntau tus tub rog loj heev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj hauv cov tub rog, suav txog yim caum txhiab tus neeg, thiab ntau tshaj li ib pab tub rog Cossack tau koom nrog Livonian Tsov Rog.
Cov kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias tau maj mam hloov. Nyob rau hauv Peter Pev, ib tug niaj hnub pab tub rog raug tsim, qhov twg lub cavalry yog ntau tshaj plaub caug txhiab dragoons - plaub caug regiments. Yog li ntawd, cov cannons raug xa mus rau cov neeg caij tsheb. Kev ua tsov ua rog Northern qhia cov tub rog ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava Menshikov cov tub rog yog heev.ua inventively thiab ko taw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog tsis sib xws, uas muaj Kalmyks thiab Cossacks, tau txiav txim siab rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Txoj Cai
Peter txoj kev coj noj coj ua tau rov kho dua xyoo 1755 los ntawm poj huab tais Elizabeth: Cavalry Charter tau tsim thiab siv, uas txhim kho kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev siv tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1756, Lavxias teb sab tub rog muaj ib tug tub rog tub rog tub rog, rau cuirassiers thiab rau grenadiers, kaum yim full-time dragoon thiab ob supernumerary regiments. Hauv cov tub rog tsis tu ncua muaj dua Kalmyks thiab Cossacks.
Lavxias cov tub rog tau raug cob qhia tsis muaj qhov phem dua, thiab ntau qhov zoo dua li European, uas tau lees paub los ntawm Xya Xyoo Tsov Rog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib kaum yim, tus naj npawb ntawm lub teeb cavalry tau nce, thiab nyob rau hauv lub kaum cuaj, thaum loj tub rog tshwm sim, lub cavalry tau muab faib ua tub rog thiab lub tswv yim. Lub tom kawg yog npaj los ua kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws tus kheej thiab ua ke nrog lwm cov tub rog tub rog, thiab cov tub rog tau suav nrog los ntawm pawg tub rog mus rau tag nrho cov tub rog hauv kev tsim tub rog thiab xav tau kev nyab xeeb, kev sib txuas lus thiab kev tshawb nrhiav.
Nineteenth century
Napoleon muaj plaub lub tub rog tub rog - plaub caug txhiab tus neeg caij nees. Lavxias teb sab tub rog muaj rau caum-tsib cavalry regiments, nrog rau tsib tus neeg saib xyuas, yim cuirassiers, peb caug-rau dragoons, kaum ib hussars thiab tsib lancers, uas yog, kaum ib pab, tsib corps ntxiv rau cais cavalry corps. Cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab tau tawm tsam tsuas yog hauv nees, thiab hauv kev swb ntawm Napoleonic pab tub rog lawv ua si tshaj plaws.lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub hwj chim ntawm artillery hluav taws kev cob qhia tau nce ntau zaus, thiab yog li ntawd lub cavalry raug kev txom nyem loj heev. Tom qab ntawd qhov tsim nyog ntawm nws lub neej raug hu mus rau lo lus nug.
Teb Chaws Asmeskas Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, txawm li cas los xij, tau pom qhov ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog hom no. Lawm, yog tias kev cob qhia kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov tsim nyog thiab cov thawj coj muaj peev xwm. Raids nyob rau hauv lub rear thiab kev sib txuas lus tau sib sib zog nqus thiab muaj kev vam meej, txawm lub fact tias revolvers thiab carbines tsis yog ib tug riam phom, tab sis kuj rifled sawv daws yuav. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg Asmeskas xyaum tsis siv cov hlau txias. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, keeb kwm ntawm cov tub rog tseem muaj kev hwm heev. Yog li, 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Dragoon, 2nd Cavalry Regiment) tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1836 thiab maj mam, tsis hloov nws lub npe, tau los ua thawj phom loj, ces motorized infantry. Tam sim no nws nyob hauv Europe, ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II
Nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum, txawm tias thaum pib, cov tub rog tau suav txog li kaum feem pua ntawm cov tub rog, nrog rau nws cov kev pab cuam tactical thiab kev ua haujlwm tau daws. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau cov tub rog tau saturated nrog artillery, rab phom tshuab thiab dav hlau, nws cov tub rog tub rog raug kev txom nyem ntau thiab ntau dua, thiab yog li ntawd tau ua tsis tau zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Piv txwv li, qhov kev txawj ntse tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tau tshwm sim los ntawm German cov lus txib, ua tiav qhov kev sib tw Sventsyansky, thaum muaj rau 6 pawg tub rog siv. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm txoj kev npaj no.
Russian cavalry ntawm Thawj Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog yogNtau - peb caug-rau kev faib, ob puas txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm zoo-kawm neeg caij nees - tab sis kev ua tiav txawm tias thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tsis tseem ceeb, thiab thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau los thiab kev ua haujlwm tiav, kev sib ntaus sib tua rau hom pab tub rog no tau ua tiav. Tag nrho cov cavalry dismounted thiab mus rau hauv lub trench. Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsis qhia Lavxias teb sab lus txib ib yam dab tsi: tsis quav ntsej cov lus qhia tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws dispersed lub cavalry raws tag nrho ntev ntawm lub hauv ntej thiab siv heev tsim nyog fighters raws li cov khoom siv. Cov kev tawm dag zog tau mob siab rau kev tawm tsam hauv kev tsim ze hauv lub eeb, thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm ko taw tau xyaum tsis ua haujlwm. Tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov tub rog ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob tau tsav tsheb thiab siv tshuab, cov tub rog tau maj mam tshem tawm lossis txo kom tsawg, xws li Fabkis, Ltalis, Great Britain thiab lwm yam. Muaj kaum ib tus tub rog tub rog tag nrho sab laug hauv tebchaws Poland ib leeg.
Peb yog cov tub rog liab…
Kev tsim cov tub rog Soviet pib nrog kev tsim cov Tub Rog Liab, uas xyoo 1918 nyuaj ua. Ua ntej, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam uas muab cov tub rog Lavxias thiab cov nees thiab cov neeg caij tsheb tau nyob los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws cuam tshuam thiab White Guards. Tsis muaj cov thawj coj paub txaus txaus. Tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, tsuas yog peb lub nkoj tub rog ntawm cov tub rog qub tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Soviet. riam phom thiab khoom siv kuj phem heev. Yog li ntawd, raws li xws li, thawj cavalry regiment los ntawm tshiab formations tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Thaum xub thawj tsuas muaj ntau pua tus neeg caij nees, detachments,squadrons.
Piv txwv li, B. Dumenko tsim nyob rau hauv 1918 ib tug me me partisan detachment nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos zeeg nws twb yog Thawj Don Cavalry Brigade, ces - nyob rau hauv lub Tsaritsyno Front - ib tug ua ke cavalry faib. Nyob rau hauv 1919, ob tug tshiab cavalry corps tau siv tawm tsam Denikin cov tub rog. Lub Cavalry Liab yog lub zog tawm tsam muaj zog, tsis yog tsis muaj kev ywj pheej hauv kev ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj pom nws tus kheej zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam kev tsim. Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1919, Thawj Tub Rog Tub Rog tau tsim, thaum Lub Xya Hli 1920 - Qhov thib ob. Cov kev tsim thiab tsim ntawm cov tub rog liab tau yeej txhua tus: Denikin, thiab Kolchak, thiab Wrangel, thiab cov tub rog Polish.
Cavalry mus ib txhis
Tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, cov tub rog tseem muaj ntau nyob hauv Tub Rog Liab tau ntev. Kev faib tawm tau mus rau hauv cov tswv yim (corps thiab divisions) thiab tub rog (cov koom haum ua ib feem ntawm cov phom ntev). Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li xyoo 1920, cov koom haum hauv tebchaws tau muaj nyob hauv Red Army - ib txwm muaj Cossacks (txawm tias muaj kev txwv tsis pub nqa hauv xyoo 1936), cov neeg caij nees ntawm North Caucasus. Los ntawm txoj kev, tom qab kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv xyoo 1936, cov tub rog tub rog tau dhau los ua Cossack nkaus xwb. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tawm tsam, uas tau nthuav dav txij li perestroika, uas ua ntej Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob lub teb chaws tsis muaj ntau cov tub rog tub rog, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau rov qab kho lub hom phiaj tseeb: cov ntaub ntawv hais tias tsis muaj "Budyonny chaw tos txais", thiab cavalry los ntawm 1937 twb txo los ntawm ntau tshaj oblub sij hawm, ces - los ntawm 1940, nws ploj txawm sai dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, peb muaj kev tawm ntawm txhua qhov chaw, thiab nws tsis muaj ntug. Zhukov rov hais dua nyob rau hauv thawj lub lis piam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog hais tias lub cavalry twb underestimated. Thiab qhov no tau raug kho tom qab. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1941, cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob tsuas yog xav tau yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Tsib pawg tub rog tub rog tau ua kev tawm tsam ze Smolensk thaum lub caij ntuj sov, thiab kev pab rau cov tub rog ntawm peb tsis yog tsuas yog ntau heev, nws tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Thiab tom qab ntawd nyob ze Yelnya, twb nyob rau hauv lub counteroffensive, nws yog lub cavalry uas ncua mus kom ze ntawm lub fascist reserves, thiab yog vim li cas txoj kev vam meej yog guaranteed. Nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1941, twb yog ib feem peb ntawm cov kev faib nyob ze Moscow yog cavalry. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1943, yuav luag ob puas thiab tsib caug txhiab horsemen sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-tsib faib (nyob rau hauv 1940 tsuas muaj 13, thiab tag nrho nrog tsawg). Lub Don Cossack Corps tau tso tawm Vienna. Kuban - Prague.
11 cais tub rog tub rog
Yog tsis muaj nws, peb cov yeeb yaj kiab uas nyiam yuav tsis tshwm sim. Chav tsev no, ib yam li lwm tus, koom nrog Pawg Tub Rog ntawm lub tebchaws, tab sis tau siv los ua yeeb yaj kiab. 11 cais tub rog tub rog - 55605 tus lej ntawm cov tub rog, tsim xyoo 1962. Tus thawj coj yog tus thawj coj Sergei Bondarchuk. Tus thawj masterpiece, tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm no regiment, yuav tsis tshwm sim, lub nto moo tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj epic zaj duab xis "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb". Nws yog nyob rau hauv no regiment uas cov lam Andrei Rostotsky thiab Sergei Zhigunov ua hauj lwm. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm "cine" tub rog mus txog rau thaum 90s tau them los ntawm Mosfilm, ces nwsqhov no, tau kawg, tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb tau poob qis dua kaum npaug, tsuas muaj plaub puas ntawm lawv, thiab tsawg dua ib thiab ib nrab puas nees. Ministry of Culture thiab Ministry of Defense ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation pom zoo kom khaws cia nyob rau hauv no muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nug ntawm kev tshem tawm tag nrho yog mob hnyav heev. Tsuas yog Nikita Mikhalkov qhov kev thov rov hais dua rau tus thawj tswj hwm tau pab cawm lub 11th cavalry regiment. Qhov no tau pab nws tua cov yeeb yaj kiab "The Barber of Siberia". Nyob rau hauv 2002, nws tsis yog Thawj Tswj Hwm Cavalry Regiment, tab sis yog ib qho kev hwm zoo raws li ib feem ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Regiment. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias zaj duab xis masterpieces tau yug los nrog nws pab! "Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor", "Dawb Hnub Nyoog", "Waterloo", "Hais txog cov neeg pluag hussar …", "Khiav", "Sib ntaus sib tua rau Moscow", "Thawj Cavalry", "Bagration", "Black Arrow", "Peter the Great".
