Cov lus luv luv yog ib hom ntawv luv uas yog tsim los ntawm thawj lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua lub npe. Yooj yim muab tso, yog tias koj ntxiv thawj ob peb tsab ntawv ntawm txhua lo lus hauv kab lus "cov pab pawg hauv zos", koj tau txais "cov pab pawg hauv zos". Nov yog ib txoj hauv kev kom luv cov npe ntev, uas tau siv dav hauv USSR thiab tseem nrov rau niaj hnub no.
Cov lus sib xyaw yog dab tsi? Piv txwv li: samizdat, kev paub txog kab lis kev cai, Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrologiya, social welfare, collective farm, educational program.
Muaj ntau txoj cai los txiav txim seb qee cov lus sib xyaw sau thiab siv li cas.
Spelling
- Txhua lo lus sau ua ke. Piv txwv li: pawg neeg hauv zos, ntawv xov xwm phab ntsa, Mosodezhda.
- Txhua ntu ntawm lo lus tshwm sim yog sau tib yam li nws yuav sau rau hauv lo lus qub. Yog li, cov tsiaj ntawv "b" thiab "b" tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntawm cov ntu no. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib daim ntawv muag muag yog sau rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm ib feem yog tias muaj tsab ntawv tom qab nws"a", "o", "y", "e" (piv txwv li, boneutil).
- Thaum pib ntawm ntu thib ob, "s" tsis yog sau: Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm.
- "E" tom qab cov lus sau tsuas yog yog lo lus qub pib nrog nws: Mosenergo, NEP.
ntawv qis thiab loj
- Cov lus luv luv yog ib txwm sau ua ntawv me, yog tias thawj lo lus luv tsis yog lub npe: rabkor, kab lis kev cai, tag nrho.
- Cov ntawv luv uas nyeem tsis yog cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, tab sis los ntawm cov suab, yog sau ua cov ntawv me: rono, university, bunker.
- Yog tias cov lus luv luv txhais tau tias lub npe ntawm lub koom haum lossis lub koom haum, ces lawv tau sau npe: Mossovet, Oblgaz.
Sau ntawv luv
Ib lub ntsiab lus zoo ib yam li cov lus sib xyaw, tab sis, tsis zoo li lawv, tsuas yog tsim los ntawm thawj cov ntawv ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, Ministry of Internal Affairs yog Ministry of Internal Affairs.
- Yog tias tag nrho cov ntawv luv yog nyeem los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov ntawv, ces nws yog sau ua ntawv loj: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
- Tag nrho cov ntawv luv yog sau ua ntawv loj yog tias nws txhais lub npe ntawm lub koom haum. Piv txwv li: EEC (European Economic Society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations).
- Yog tias cov ntawv luv tuaj yeem ua tau, ces nws qhov xaus yog sau ua ntawv me: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TASS.
- Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm cov ntawv luv yog nyeem los ntawm cov suab, thiab lwm qhov los ntawm cov ntawv, ces tag nrho cov lus sau rau hauv cov ntawv sau: CDSA (nyeem "tse-de-sa").
- Yog hais tias lub npe tsim nyog yog luv, thiab ib lo lus raug txiav mus rau ob peb tsab ntawv, thiab tus so rau ib tug, ces tsuas yog thawj tsab ntawv yog capitalized: AzSSR.
Siv cov ntawv nyeem
Yuav luag txhua cov lus sib xyaw yog txhais tau hais tias siv cov lus hais, tsis yog hauv ntawv. Tab sis muaj ob peb lo lus luv luv uas siv tau rau hauv txhua cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog cov uas tau npaj rau cov neeg nyeem pib:
- t. thiab lwm yam - zoo li
- pr. - lwm yam
- lwm - Lwm tus
- saib - saib
- t. e. – i.e.
- t. etc. – so on
- cf. - Sib piv
- g. - xyoo
- gg. – xyoo
- ex. – e.g.
- in. – hnub nyoog
- st. Art. - qub style
- t. – volume
- c. - centuries
- tt. – ntim
- reg. – region
- n. e. – AD
- oz. – pas dej
- g. – city
- p. – dej
- f. e. – railway
- n. Art. - tshiab style
- Assoc. – tus pab xibfwb
- Acad. - Academician
- prof. - xib fwb
- p. - page
- im. – npe
- gr. - pej xeem
Lwm cov lus yog luv raws li ntau txoj cai:
- Koj tsis tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv sau nrog "b": Karelian - "k.", "kar.", tab sis tsis yog "ka.", "kare.", "karel.".
- Thaum ob tus lej sib npaug, cov ntawv luv yuav tsum ua tom qab thawj ntawm lawv: phab ntsa - "sten.", grammatical - "gram." Thaum ob peb lub consonants sib txawv, nws uatxoj cai rov qab: txo yog ua rau tus lej kawg. Piv txwv li, pej xeem - "folk", Lavxias teb sab - "Lavxias teb sab", dag - "art."
