Ntau tus neeg paub tias kev tuag thaum hluav taws tshwm sim ntau zaus vim muaj tshuaj lom los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua los ntawm kev raug cua sov. Tab sis koj tuaj yeem raug tshuaj lom tsis yog thaum muaj hluav taws, tab sis kuj nyob hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cov lus nug tshwm sim li cas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj nyob thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej twg lawv tsim? Wb sim saib seb.
Dab tsi yog combustion thiab nws cov khoom?
Muaj peb yam uas koj tuaj yeem saib tsis kawg: dej ntws li cas, lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm li cas thiab, qhov tseeb, hluav taws kub li cas…
Combustion yog txheej txheem lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox. Nws yog nrog, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm kev tso tawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws kub, kub thiab lub teeb. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog cov khoom siv los yog sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom uas hlawv - txo cov neeg ua haujlwm, nrog rau tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Feem ntau lub luag hauj lwm no belongs rau oxygen. combustion kuj tseem hu ua cov txheej txheem ntawm oxidation ntawm cov khoom kub hnyiab (nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias combustion yog subspecies ntawm oxidation tshua, thiab tsis vice versa).
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog txhua yam uas tau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm combustion. Chemists hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no hais tias: "Txhua yam uas nyob rau sab xis ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv." Tab sis qhov kev qhia no tsis siv rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias, ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem redox, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition kuj tshwm sim, thiab qee cov tshuaj tsuas yog tsis hloov pauv. Ntawd yog, cov khoom combustion yog cov pa taws, tshauv, soot, emitted gases, nrog rau cov pa pa. Tab sis cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog, ntawm chav kawm, lub zog, uas, raws li tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv kab lus kawg, yog emissions nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub, lub teeb, hluav taws.
Cov khoom tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm combustion: carbon oxides
Muaj ob lub oxides ntawm carbon: CO2 thiab CO. Thawj yog hu ua carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (IV)), vim nws yog cov roj tsis muaj xim uas muaj cov roj carbon oxidized los ntawm oxygen. Ntawd yog, carbon nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj lub siab tshaj plaws oxidation xeev - plaub (+4). Cov oxide no yog cov khoom combustion ntawm tag nrho cov organic tshuaj, yog hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ntawm oxygen thaum combustion. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbon dioxide raug tso tawm los ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia thaum ua pa. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws tsis txaus ntshai yog tias nws cov concentration hauv huab cua tsis tshaj 3 feem pua.
Carbon monoxide (II) (carbon monoxide) - CO - yog cov pa tshuaj lom, hauv cov molecule uas carbon nyob rau hauv lub xeev +2 oxidation. Tias yog vim li cas qhov sib xyaw no tuaj yeem "kub tawm", uas yog, txuas ntxiv ua pa nrog oxygen: CO + O 2=CO2. Tsevib tug txaus ntshai feature ntawm no oxide yog nws incredibly loj, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog oxygen, muaj peev xwm mus txuas rau cov ntshav liab. Erythrocytes yog cov qe ntshav liab uas nws txoj haujlwm yog thauj cov pa oxygen los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab rov ua dua, carbon dioxide mus rau lub ntsws. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab txaus ntshai ntawm oxide yog tias nws cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa oxygen mus rau ntau yam kabmob ntawm tib neeg lub cev, yog li ua rau cov pa oxygen tshaib plab. Nws yog CO uas feem ntau ua rau muaj tshuaj lom los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws.
Ob leeg carbon monoxides tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab.
dej
Cov dej uas paub zoo - H2O - kuj tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm combustion. Nyob rau ntawm qhov kub ntawm combustion, cov khoom raug tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj. Thiab dej zoo li lub zog. Dej yog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov roj methane - CH4. Feem ntau, dej thiab carbon dioxide (carbon monoxide, dua nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm cov pa oxygen) feem ntau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov organic tshuaj.
Sulfide gas, hydrogen sulfide
Sulfide gas kuj yog oxide, tab sis lub sij hawm no leej faj yog SO2. Nws muaj ntau lub npe: sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur oxide (IV). Cov khoom combustion no yog cov roj tsis muaj xim, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab ntawm qhov sib tw (nws raug tso tawm thaum nws ignites). Anhydride tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm leej faj, sulfur-muaj cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw, piv txwv li, hydrogen sulfide (Н 2 S)..
Thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag, qhov ntswg los yog qhov ncauj ntawm ib tug neeg, dioxide yooj yim reacts nrog dej, tsim sulfurous acid, uas yooj yim decomposes rov qab, tab sisNyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tswj kom irritate cov receptors, provoke inflammatory dab nyob rau hauv lub ua pa ib ntsuj av tau: SO3. Qhov no yog vim lub toxicity ntawm combustion khoom ntawm sulfur. Sulfur dioxide, zoo li carbon monoxide, tuaj yeem hlawv - oxidize rau SO3. Tab sis qhov no tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv los tsim cov sulfuric acid ntawm cov nroj tsuag, raws li SO3 reacts nrog dej los ua H2SO 4.
Tab sis hydrogen sulfide raug tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition ntawm qee cov tebchaw. Cov roj no kuj muaj tshuaj lom, nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov qe lwj.
Hydrogen cyanide
Tom qab ntawd Himmler tau tuav nws lub puab tsaig, me ntsis dhau ntawm lub ampoule ntawm potassium cyanide thiab tuag ob peb feeb tom qab.
Potassium cyanide - cov tshuaj lom uas muaj zog tshaj plaws - ntsev ntawm hydrocyanic acid, tseem hu ua hydrogen cyanide - HCN. Nws yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim, tab sis volatile heev (yooj yim tig mus rau hauv lub xeev gaseous). Uas yog, thaum lub sij hawm combustion, nws kuj yuav tso tawm rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj. Hydrocyanic acid yog tshuaj lom heev, txawm tias me me hauv huab cua - 0.01 feem pua - yog qhov tuag taus. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm cov kua qaub yog cov yam ntxwv tsw ntawm iab almonds. Appetizing, puas yog?
Tab sis hydrocyanic acid muaj ib qho "zest" - nws tuaj yeem raug tshuaj lom tsis yog los ntawm kev nqus ncaj qha rau ntawm lub ntsws, tab sis kuj los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Yog li nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv koj tus kheej nrog lub npog ntsej muag roj xwb.
Acrolein
Kev txiav txim siab,acrolein, acrylaldehyde - tag nrho cov no yog cov npe ntawm ib yam khoom, unsaturated acrylic acid aldehyde: CH2=CH-CHO. Qhov no aldehyde kuj yog cov kua dej tsis haum. Acrolein tsis muaj xim, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, thiab muaj tshuaj lom heev. Yog hais tias cov kua los yog nws cov vapors nkag mus rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag, nws ua rau mob heev. Propenal yog ib qho tshuaj muaj zog heev, thiab qhov no piav qhia nws cov tshuaj lom neeg siab heev.
Formaldehyde
Zoo li acrolein, formaldehyde belongs rau chav kawm ntawm aldehydes thiab yog aldehyde ntawm formic acid. Cov tshuaj no tseem hu ua methanal. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj lom, tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw.
Nitrogen-muaj tshuaj
Feem ntau, thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm cov khoom uas muaj nitrogen, ntshiab nitrogen tso tawm - N2. Cov pa roj no twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua hauv ntau qhov ntau. Nitrogen tuaj yeem yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm amines. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition, piv txwv li, ammonium ntsev, thiab nyob rau hauv tej lub sij hawm thaum combustion nws tus kheej, nws oxides kuj emissions mus rau hauv cov huab cua, nrog rau cov degree ntawm nitrogen oxidation nyob rau hauv lawv ntxiv rau ib, ob, peb, plaub, tsib. Oxides yog cov roj uas muaj xim av xim av thiab muaj tshuaj lom heev.
Soot, lossis soot - cov seem ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas tsis tau hnov qab ntau yam. Soot tseem hu ua amphoteric carbon.
tshauv, los yog tshauv - me me ntawm cov ntsev inorganic uas tsis tau hlawv los yog decomposed ntawm combustion kub. Thaum cov roj hlawv tawm, cov micro-compounds tau raug tshem tawm lossis khaws cia hauv qab.
Thiab thee yog ib yam khoom uas tsis tiav combustionntoo, uas yog, nws tseem tsis tau hlawv, tab sis tseem muaj peev xwm hlawv.
Tau kawg, cov no tsis yog txhua qhov sib xyaw uas yuav raug tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm sib xyaw ntawm qee yam tshuaj. Txhawm rau sau lawv txhua tus yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb, thiab nws tsis tsim nyog, vim tias lwm cov tshuaj raug tso tawm hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab tsuas yog thaum qee cov tshuaj oxidized.
Lwm cov khoom xyaw: haus luam yeeb
hnub qub, hav zoov, guitar… Yuav ua li cas romantic? Thiab ib qho ntawm cov cwj pwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ploj lawm - hluav taws thiab cov pa luam yeeb nyob saum nws. Cov pa luam yeeb yog dab tsi?
Haus luam yeeb yog ib hom kev sib xyaw uas muaj roj thiab cov khoom raug tshem tawm hauv nws. Dej vapor, carbon monoxide thiab carbon dioxide, thiab lwm yam ua raws li cov pa roj. Thiab cov khoom siv yog cov hmoov tshauv thiab tsuas yog cov seem uas tsis tau hlawv.
Txaus
Feem ntau cov tsheb niaj hnub no khiav ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv, uas yog, rau kev txav mus los, lub zog tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw roj yog siv. Feem ntau nws yog roj av thiab lwm yam khoom siv roj av. Tab sis thaum hlawv, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov pov tseg tau tso rau hauv cov huab cua. Qhov no yog cov pa pa tawm. Lawv raug tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa taws los ntawm lub tsheb tso cov kav dej.
Feem ntau ntawm lawv cov ntim yog nyob ntawm nitrogen, nrog rau dej, carbon dioxide. Tab sis cov tshuaj lom neeg kuj raug tso tawm: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, nrog rau soot thiab benzpyrene. Ob qhov kawg yog cov carcinogens, txhais tau tias lawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav.
Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tiav oxidation (qhov no, combustion) ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom sib xyaw: ntawv, nyom qhuav
ThaumThaum cov ntawv hlawv, carbon dioxide thiab dej kuj raug tso tawm, thiab thaum tsis muaj oxygen, carbon monoxide raug tso tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv muaj cov nplaum uas tuaj yeem tso tawm thiab muaj zog, thiab cov resins.
Qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam tshwm sim thaum hlawv quav nyab, tsuas yog tsis muaj cov nplaum thiab cov resin. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov pa luam yeeb yog dawb nrog cov xim daj, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb.
Ntoo - taws, boards
Ntoo muaj cov organic teeb meem (xws li sulfur thiab nitrogen) thiab ib qho me me ntawm cov ntxhia ntsev. Yog li ntawd, thaum nws raug hlawv tag, carbon dioxide, dej, nitrogen thiab sulfur dioxide raug tso tawm; grey, thiab qee zaum cov pa luam yeeb dub nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab, cov tshauv tsim.
Sulfur thiab nitrogen compounds
Peb twb tau tham txog toxicity, combustion khoom ntawm cov tshuaj no. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias thaum cov sulfur raug hlawv, cov pa luam yeeb tawm nrog cov xim grey-ntsuab thiab cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab ntawm sulfur dioxide (vim nws yog sulfur dioxide uas tawm mus); thiab thaum hlawv nitrogenous thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj nitrogen, nws yog daj-xim av, nrog ib tug irritating tsw (tab sis cov pa luam yeeb tsis ib txwm tshwm sim).
Metals
Thaum cov hlau raug hlawv, oxides, peroxides lossis superoxides ntawm cov hlau no raug tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias cov hlau muaj qee cov organic lossis inorganic impurities, ces combustion khoom ntawm cov impurities yog tsim.
Tab sis magnesium muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke, vim nws hlawv tsis yog hauv oxygen, zoo li lwm yam hlau, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv carbon dioxide, tsim carbon thiab magnesium oxide: 2 Mg + CO 2=C + 2MgO. Cov pa luam yeeb dawb, tsis muaj ntxhiab.
phosphorus
Thaum hlawv phosphorus, cov pa luam yeeb dawb tawm uas tsw zoo li qej. Qhov no tsim phosphorus oxide.
Rubber
Thiab, tau kawg, log tsheb. Cov pa taws los ntawm cov roj hmab kub hnyiab yog xim dub, vim yog cov hmoov av ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, combustion khoom ntawm cov organic tshuaj thiab sulfur oxide raug tso tawm, thiab ua tsaug rau nws, cov pa luam yeeb tau txais cov ntxhiab tsw sulfurous. Cov hlau hnyav, furan thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg kuj raug tso tawm.
Kev cais cov tshuaj lom
Raws li koj tau pom, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau yog tshuaj lom. Yog li ntawd, hais txog lawv cov kev faib tawm, nws yuav yog qhov tseeb los txheeb xyuas qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, txhua yam tshuaj lom - ntawm no tom qab OV - muab faib ua kom tuag taus, ua rau tsis muaj peev xwm thiab khaus. Cov qub tau muab faib ua cov neeg ua haujlwm cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb (Vi-X), asphyxiating (carbon monoxide), daim tawv nqaij-blistering (mustard gas) thiab feem ntau lom (hydrogen cyanide). Piv txwv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj peev xwm ib ntus suav nrog B-Zet, thiab kev ntxhov siab - adamsite.
Volume
Tam sim no cia peb tham txog tej yam uas yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab thaum tham txog cov khoom emissions thaum combustion.
Lub ntim ntawm cov khoom combustion yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb heev, uas, piv txwv li, yuav pab txiav txim siab theem ntawm kev phom sij ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm ib yam khoom. Ntawd yog, paub txog qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov teeb meem sib txuas uas tsim cov roj tso tawm (raws li koj nco ntsoov, cov khoom lag luam feem ntau yog cov roj av).
Yuav suav cov ntim xav tau, ua ntejtig koj yuav tsum paub seb puas muaj ntau dhau lossis tsis muaj oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Yog hais tias, piv txwv li, cov pa oxygen muaj nyob rau hauv ntau dhau, ces tag nrho cov hauj lwm los mus sau tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias roj, feem ntau, muaj impurities. Tom qab ntawd, raws li txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm huab hwm coj, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov khoom combustion yog xam thiab noj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kub thiab txias, raws li cov mis nyuj Mendeleev-Clapeyron, lub ntim nws tus kheej yog pom. Ntawm chav kawm, rau ib tug neeg uas tsis paub dab tsi txog chemistry, tag nrho cov saum toj no zoo nkaus li txaus ntshai, tab sis qhov tseeb tsis muaj dab tsi nyuaj, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum paub txog nws. Nws tsis tsim nyog nyob ntawm qhov no hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, vim tias tsab xov xwm tsis yog hais txog qhov ntawd. Nrog rau qhov tsis muaj oxygen, qhov nyuaj ntawm kev suav nce - qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom combustion lawv tus kheej hloov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv luv luv tau siv tam sim no, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo dua los pib nrog cov txheej txheem nthuav tawm (yog tias tsim nyog) txhawm rau nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev suav.
Kev mob ntshav siab
Qee yam khoom tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm oxidation ntawm roj yog tshuaj lom. Tshuaj lom los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog qhov kev hem thawj tiag tiag tsis yog thaum muaj hluav taws, tab sis kuj nyob hauv tsheb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nqus tau los yog lwm yam ingesting ib co ntawm lawv tsis ua rau ib tug instant tsis zoo tshwm sim, tab sis yuav nco ntsoov koj txog qhov no tom qab ib pliag. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog li cas carcinogens coj.
Tau kawg, txhua tus yuav tsum paub cov cai tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb hluav taws, uas yog, txhua tus me nyuam tau hais los ntawm thaum yau. Tab sis, rau qee qhov laj thawj, nws feem ntau tshwm sim li ntawdcov laus thiab cov me nyuam tsis nco qab lawm.
Txoj cai rau kev pab thawj zaug thaum muaj tshuaj lom kuj yog feem ntau paub txog ntau. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv: qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog coj tus neeg raug tshuaj lom rau cov huab cua ntshiab, uas yog, tiv thaiv cov co toxins ntxiv los ntawm nws lub cev. Tab sis koj kuj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm combustion ntawm cov kab mob ua pa, qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv rau cov neeg tua hluav taws, lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, pa oxygen.
Kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw tseem ceeb heev.
siv tus kheej ntawm tus neeg
Lub sijhawm thaum tib neeg tau kawm siv hluav taws rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj, yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej. Piv txwv li, qee qhov ntawm nws cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cua sov thiab lub teeb - tau siv (thiab tseem siv) los ntawm tus txiv neej hauv kev ua noj, teeb pom kev zoo thiab ua kom sov hauv huab cua txias. Coal nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tau siv los ua ib tug kos duab, thiab tam sim no, piv txwv li, raws li ib tug tshuaj (activated carbon). Kev siv sulfur oxide hauv kev npaj cov kua qaub kuj tau sau tseg, thiab yog li phosphorus oxide.
Zoo kawg
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias txhua yam uas tau piav qhia ntawm no tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv dav dav uas nthuav tawm kom paub txog koj tus kheej nrog cov lus nug txog cov khoom combustion.
Kuv xav hais tias kev ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb thiab tsim nyog tuav ntawm ob qho tib si txheej txheem combustion nws tus kheej thiab nws cov khoom yuav tso cai rau lawv kom siv tau zoo.
