Hluav taws xob engineering yog qhov kev paub dav dav, uas suav nrog txhua yam ntsig txog kev siv hluav taws xob. Qhov no suav nrog kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv, thiab kev kawm txog cov xwm txheej electromagnetic, lawv cov tswv yim siv. Txoj haujlwm ntawm hluav taws xob engineering yog txhua qhov ntawm peb lub neej.
Nws pib ua li cas
keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm hluav taws xob engineering txuas nrog tib neeg thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Tib neeg tau xav txog tej yam tshwm sim uas lawv piav tsis tau. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hluav taws xob engineering - tas li sim rov ua dab tsi tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig.
Kev kawm tau mus ntev thiab ntev ib-paus xyoo. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th puas tau ua keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hluav taws xob engineering pib nws countdown los ntawm kev siv tiag tiag ntawm kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse los ntawm ib tug neeg.
Theory
Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau pab txhawb kev tsim hluav taws xob engineering yog ntau txhiab thiab ntau txhiab lub npe, nws tsis tuaj yeem sau tag nrho lawv nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kab lus no. Tab sismuaj cov tib neeg uas nws tshawb fawb tau pab ua kom peb lub ntiaj teb no li cas.
Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais tias: ib qho ntawm thawj tus uas tig nws lub siab rau qhov tseeb tias tom qab amber yog rubbed tiv thaiv ntaub plaub, nws tuaj yeem nyiam cov khoom, yog Greek philosopher Thales ntawm Miletus. Nws tau ua nws qhov kev sim hauv xyoo pua xya BC. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus. Tab sis nws ua tib zoo sau tag nrho nws cov kev soj ntsuam thiab xa mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv.
Lub npe tom ntej hauv daim ntawv teev npe "cov kws tshawb fawb hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov khoom tsim" tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1663, thaum Otto von Guericke tsim lub tshuab hauv nroog Magdeburg, uas yog lub pob uas tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog nyiam, tab sis kuj tawm tsam. khoom.
Ntaus kws tshawb fawb
Tom qab, pib ntawm hluav taws xob engineering tau tso los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo xws li:
- Stephen Grey, uas tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob ntawm qhov deb. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb fawb yog qhov xaus tias cov khoom hloov pauv tus nqi sib txawv.
- Charles Dufay, uas tau tso tawm qhov kev xav ntawm ntau hom hluav taws xob.
- Dutch Peter van Muschenbroek. Nws tau nto moo rau inventing lub capacitor.
- Georg Richmann thiab Mikhail Lomonosov nquag kawm txog qhov tshwm sim.
- Benjamin Franklin. Tus txiv neej no tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm ua tus tsim tus pas nrig.
- Luigi Galvani.
- YVasily Petrov.
- Charles Pendant.
- Hans Oersted.
- Alessandro Volta.
- Andre Ampère.
- Michael Faraday thiab ntau lwm tus.
Nyiaj
Hluav taws xob engineering yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas muaj plaub yam, thawj thiab theem pib ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Nws yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm tiam, kev sib kis thiab kev siv lub zog. Tib neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo siv cov cuab yeej no rau lawv cov kev xav tau tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 19th.
Cov roj teeb thaum ntxov tso cai rau cov khoom siv ua haujlwm ib ntus xwb, uas tsis ua raws li kev xav tau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm thawj tus qauv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog Hungarian Anosh Jedlik hauv xyoo 1827. Hmoov tsis zoo, tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tau patent nws lub hlwb, thiab nws lub npe tseem nyob hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm xwb.
Tom qab lub dynamo tau hloov kho los ntawm Hippolyte Pixie. Cov cuab yeej yooj yim: lub stator uas tsim ib qho chaw sib nqus tas li, thiab ib txheej ntawm windings.
keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho hluav taws xob engineering thiab lub zog ua tsis tau yam tsis hais lub npe Michael Faraday. Nws yog nws uas tau tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab tsis tu ncua. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem tau txhim kho los ntawm Emil Sterer, Henry Wilde, Zenob Gramm.
DC
Xyoo 1873, ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv Vienna, pib lub twj tso kua mis los ntawm lub tshuab ntau tshaj li ib mais deb tau pom meej meej.
Hluav taws xob ntseeg siab kov yeej lub ntiaj teb. Tib neeg tau nkag mus rau qhov tsis paub yav dhau los tshiab xws li xov tooj, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm lub tsheb thiab nkoj, thiab teeb pom kev hauv nroog. Loj dynamos tau nce siv los tsim hluav taws xob ntawm kev lag luam. Thawj trams thiab trolleybuses pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ncaj qha tam sim no tau nthuav tawm loj heev los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo Thomas Edison. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov thev naus laus zis no kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Theoretical hluav taws xob engineering hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txhais tau tias npog ntau qhov chaw nyob thiab thaj chaw raws li qhov ua tau nrog hluav taws xob. Tab sis ncaj qha tam sim no muaj qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj - txog ob lossis peb mais, tom qab ntawd pib poob loj. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov mus rau kev hloov tam sim no yog hlau thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov tshuab tsim, qhov loj ntawm lub Hoobkas tsim nyog.
Nikola Tesla
Tus kws tshawb fawb Serbian Nikola Tesla tau suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm thev naus laus zis tshiab. Nws mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho los kawm txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov tam sim no, xa mus rau qhov deb. Hluav taws xob engineering (rau beginners qhov no yuav yog ib qho nthuav qhov tseeb) yog tsim los ntawm nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Niaj hnub no, txhua lub tsev muaj ib qho kev tsim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo.
Tus neeg tsim khoom tau muab lub ntiaj teb polyphase generators, lub tshuab hluav taws xob asynchronous, lub txee thiab ntau lwm yam khoom tsim. Tau ntau xyoo hauv xov tooj, tuam txhab xov tooj, chav kuaj Edison thiab tom qab ntawd hauv nws cov lag luam, Tesla tau txais kev paub ntau yam vim muaj ntau qhov kev sim.
Tib neeg, hmoov tsis, tsis tau txais txawm tias ib feem kaum ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nrhiav pom. Cov tswv ntawm cov roj teb tau tawm tsam kev hloov hluav taws xob hauv txhua txoj hauv kev thiab sim txwv nws txoj kev vam meej los ntawm txhua txoj kev muaj rau lawv.
Raws li cov lus xaiv, Nikola tuaj yeemtsim thiab nres nag xob nag cua, xa hluav taws xob tsis muaj xov hlau nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, teleport lub nkoj ua rog, thiab txawm ua rau lub hnub qub poob hauv Siberia. Tus txiv neej no txawv txawv heev.
Raws li nws tau tshwm sim tom qab, Nikola yog txoj hauv kev twv txiaj ntawm kev hloov pauv tam sim no. Hluav taws xob engineering (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau beginners) ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov hais txog nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nws hloov tawm hais tias hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muab tau ntau txhiab mais deb siv tsuas yog cov xov hlau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug mus tas li "kwv tij", cov fais fab nroj tsuag yuav tsum nyob txhua ob mus rau peb kilometers. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau txais kev pabcuam tas li.
Hnub no, tam sim no tseem muaj qhov chaw rau tsheb fais fab - tsheb ciav hlau, tsheb thauj mus los, hluav taws xob locomotives, cav hauv kev lag luam, hauv roj teeb, chargers. Txawm li cas los xij, muab kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, nws zoo li "ntev" sai sai yuav nyob twj ywm rau ntawm nplooj ntawv keeb kwm.
Electromechanics
Tshooj thib ob ntawm hluav taws xob engineering, uas piav qhia txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov lub zog ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob mus rau hluav taws xob thiab rov ua dua, yog hu ua electromechanics.
thawj tus kws tshawb fawb uas qhia nws txoj haujlwm ntawm electromechanics rau lub ntiaj teb yog tus kws tshawb fawb Swiss Engelbert Arnold, uas nyob rau xyoo 1891 tau luam tawm ib txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj kev xav thiab tsim cov windings rau cov tshuab. Tom qab ntawd, ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tau ntxiv nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Blondel, Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus, Tolvinsky, Krug, Park.
Xyoo 1942, ib tus neeg Hungarian-AsmeskasGabriel Kron thaum kawg tau tswj hwm los tsim cov kev xav dav dav rau txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab yog li koom ua ke kev siv zog ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb nyob rau ib puas xyoo dhau los.
Electromechanics nyiam qhov kev txaus siab ruaj khov ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab tom qab ntawd xws li kev tshawb fawb xws li electrodynamics (kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus phenomena), mechanics (kawm kev txav ntawm lub cev thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv), thiab kuj thermal physics (theoretical foundations zog, thermodynamics, tshav kub thiab huab hwm coj hloov) thiab lwm yam.
Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tau kawm hauv kev tshawb fawb yog kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov transducers, rotating magnetic teb, linear tam sim no load, Arnold qhov tas li. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab asynchronous, ntau hom kev hloov pauv.
Postulates ntawm electromechanics
Lub ntsiab peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm electromechanics yog txoj cai:
- Faraday's electromagnetic induction;
- puv tam sim no rau magnetic circuit;
- electromagnetic force (aka Ampere Txoj Cai).
Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb electromechanical, nws tau ua pov thawj tias kev txav ntawm lub zog tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev poob, txhua lub tshuab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ob qho tib si hauv lub cav thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab cov teb ntawm rotor thiab stator yog. ib txwm nyob ruaj khov txheeb ze rau ib leeg phooj ywg.
Cov qauv qhia yooj yim yog qhov sib npaug:
- tshuab hluav taws xob;
- voltage tshuav ntawm windings ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob;
- electromagnetic torque.
Tsis siv neeg tswj tshuab
Txoj kev taw qhia inevitably tau nrov tom qab nws paub meej tias cov tshuab tuaj yeem hloov pauv tib neeg txoj haujlwm.
Tsis siv neeg tswj - lub peev xwm los tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm yam khoom siv lossis txawm tias tag nrho cov tshuab. Kev tswj yuav ua tau los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ceev, txav, lub kaum ntse ntse thiab kev mus los. Manipulation tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho tib si hauv hom tsis siv neeg puv thiab nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus neeg.
thawj lub tshuab ntawm hom no tuaj yeem suav tias yog chav tsev tsim los ntawm Charles Babage. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xuas nrig ntaus, cov twj tso kua mis tuaj yeem tswj tau siv lub tshuab ua pa.
Thawj lub khoos phis tawj tau piav qhia hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Irish tus kws tshawb fawb Percy Ludgate, uas tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem xyoo 1909.
Analog suav cov cuab yeej tau tshwm sim ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Cov kev ua phem me ntsis ua rau qeeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam uas muaj kev vam meej.
Thawj tus qauv ntawm lub khoos phis tawj niaj hnub no tau tsim los ntawm German Konrad Zuse hauv xyoo 1938.
Hnub no, cov tshuab tswj tsis siv neeg, raws li lawv cov neeg tsim khoom tsim, ua tiav cov neeg siv khoom tsim khoom, ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai.
Electronics
theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho hluav taws xob engineering yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj ntau lab lub sijhawm ntau dua li lawv cov analogues.
thawj qhov kev tsim nto moo tshaj plaws yog German Enigma cipher tshuab. Thiab ces tus Britishhluav taws xob decoders, uas lawv tau sim decipher cov lis dej num tangled.
Tom ntej no yog lub tshuab xam zauv thiab computers.
Nyob rau theem tam sim no ntawm lub neej, xov tooj thiab ntsiav tshuaj yog txuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Thiab dab tsi yuav yog kev txhim kho ntawm peb cov cuab yeej tag kis, peb tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj tsuas yog ua rau peb txhua tus xav tsis thoob thiab ua kom lub neej nthuav dav me ntsis thiab yooj yim dua.
