Cov tshuaj hormones yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev nrog kev pab ntawm cov qog endocrine tshwj xeeb. Txhua cov tshuaj hormones muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb lom neeg. Tam sim no, muaj kwv yees li 60 yam khoom uas tau tso tawm los ntawm cov qog thiab muaj cov tshuaj hormonal.
hom tshuaj hormones
Kev faib tawm ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob ntawm lawv cov qauv tshuaj. Lawv muab faib ua hom hauv qab no:
- protein hormones uas tuaj yeem yooj yim lossis nyuaj;
- biologically active tshuaj ntawm peptide xwm: calcitonin, oxytocin, somatostatin, glucagon, vasopressin;
- amino acid derivatives: thyroxine, adrenaline;
- biologically active tshuaj ntawm lipid xwm: corticosteroids, poj niam thiab txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones;
- cov tshuaj hormones: heparin, gastrin.
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, cov tshuaj hormones protein tau muab faib ua ob hom:
- yooj yim: insulin, kev loj hlob hormone, prolactin;
- complex: lutropin, follicle-stimulatingCov tshuaj hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones protein thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab nyob ntawm lub cev uas lawv tau tsim. Thiab cov no tuaj yeem yog cov qauv hauv qab no ntawm lub cev:
- hypothalamus;
- pituitary caj pas;
- cov qog parathyroid;
- pancreas;
- cells ntawm plab hnyuv.
Biologically active tshuaj ntawm lub hypothalamus
Tag nrho cov tshuaj uas tsim los ntawm hypothalamus yog cov pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj hormones-proteins thiab polypeptides. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tswj kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub caj pas pituitary. Nyob ntawm seb lawv ua haujlwm li cas, muaj ntau ntau yam:
- tso cov tshuaj hormones nce pituitary kev ua haujlwm;
- statins inhibit qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg los ntawm lub caj pas pituitary;
- Hormones nyob rau hauv qab lobe tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary, tsub zuj zuj hauv nws qhov chaw tom qab ua ntej tso rau hauv cov ntshav.
Lub hypothalamus tsis ncaj los ntawm lub caj pas pituitary cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid caj pas thiab cov qog adrenal, lub cev xeeb tub, thiab tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg.
YHypothalamus-tso cov tshuaj hormones
Tshem cov tshuaj hormones suav nrog cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- somatotropin tso cov tshuaj hormone (SHR);
- Ythyrotropin tso cov tshuaj hormone (TRH);
- gonadotropin tso cov tshuaj hormone (GnRH);
- corticotropin tso cov tshuaj hormone (CRH).
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones proteins ntawm pab pawg no yog txhawm rau ua kom cov synthesis ntawm cov khoom sib xwsbiologically active tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub caj pas pituitary. Yog li, SRG txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj somatotropic thiab prolactin, TRH txhim kho kev tsim cov thyroid-stimulating hormone, GnRH nce cov synthesis ntawm luteinizing thiab follicle-stimulating hormones, CRH nce cov khoom ntawm corticotropin. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones tropic yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub anterior pituitary caj pas (muaj peb nyob rau hauv tag nrho).
KRG tsis yog tsuas yog lom neeg, tab sis kuj muaj kev ua haujlwm neuronal. Yog li, nws tseem raug xa mus rau chav kawm ntawm neuropeptides. Vim yog kev sib kis ntawm CRH hauv paj hlwb synapses, ib tus neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab, ntshai, ntxhov siab, pw tsaug zog thiab qab los noj mov, thiab txo qis hauv kev sib deev. Nrog rau lub sij hawm raug rau corticotropin-tso cov tshuaj hormones, cov kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis tu ncua: kev nyuaj siab, kev ntxhov siab, insomnia, qaug zog ntawm lub cev.
TRH kuj yog rau cov chav kawm ntawm neuropeptides. Nws koom nrog hauv kev siv qee yam kev puas siab puas ntsws. Piv txwv li, nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab tau raug tsim.
GnRH synthesis muaj qee yam cyclicity. Nws yog tsim rau ob peb feeb txhua 1-3 teev.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg ntawm lub caj pas pituitary
Protein hormones kuj yog cov khoom uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub anterior thiab posterior lobes ntawm lub caj pas pituitary. Ntxiv mus, tropic cov tshuaj hormones yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub anterior cheeb tsam, thaum tsim cov tshuaj tshiab tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub posterior cheeb tsam, tab sis oxytocin thiab vasopressin accumulates, uas yog yav tas los synthesized nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus..
Cov qauv cua sov suav nrog cov peptide hauv qab no thiab cov qauv protein:
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH);
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH);
- luteinizing hormone (LH);
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Lawv txhua tus muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov qog endocrine peripheral. Yog li, ACTH nce kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog adrenal, TSH ua rau cov thyroid caj pas, thiab LH thiab FSH qhib cov gonads.
Effector biologically active tshuaj raug cais cais. Lawv tsis tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov qog endocrine, tab sis txhawb cov kabmob uas nyob sab nraud endocrine system.
Y Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone yog txuas ncaj qha nrog cov qog adrenal, uas yog nrog nws lub cortex. Nws ua kom cov synthesis thiab tso tawm corticosteroids rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas tsuas yog ob txheej ntawm adrenal cortex tau txhawb nqa - cov pob thiab cov reticular cortex. Lub glomerular cheeb tsam, qhov twg mineralocorticoids synthesized, tsis nyob rau hauv lub tropic biologically active tshuaj ntawm lub caj pas pituitary.
Qhov loj ntawm ACTH me me. Nws tsuas muaj 39 amino acid residues. Nws cov concentration hauv cov ntshav, piv nrog lwm cov tshuaj hormones, tsis siab heev. Lub synthesis ntawm cov khoom no muaj ib tug meej dependence rau lub sij hawm ntawm hnub. Qhov no yog hu ua circadian atherosclerosis. Nws qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cov ntshav tau pom thaum sawv ntxov thaum lub cev sawv. Qhov no yog vim qhov xav tau los txhawb txhua lub zog ntawm lub cev tom qab pw tsaug zog. Tsis tas li, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj hormones protein no nce rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab.
Ntxiv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ACTH ntawm adrenal cortex, nws kuj ua rau cov qauv uas tsis cuam tshuam nrogendocrine system. Yog li, nws ua rau kom tawg ntawm lipids hauv cov ntaub so ntswg adipose.
Nrog rau kev nce hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov qog adrenal, piv txwv li, hauv Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome, kev tsim tawm ntawm ACTH txo qis raws li kev tawm tswv yim. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, inhibits lub synthesis ntawm corticotropin-tso cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus.
Thyrotropic Hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone, lossis TSH, muaj ob ntu: alpha thiab beta. alpha ib feem ntawm TSH zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj gonadotropic, thiab beta ib feem yog tshwj xeeb rau thyrotropin. TSH tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov thyroid caj pas, ua kom nws qhov loj me. Cov tshuaj no kuj nce kev sib txuas ntawm thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine, cov thyroid hormones tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau cov metabolism hauv lub cev.
Tshuaj cov tshuaj hormones ntawm hypothalamus cuam tshuam rau kev tsim TSH hauv lub qog pituitary. Cov tswv yim tawm tswv yim kuj ua haujlwm ntawm no: nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid caj pas (thyrotoxicosis), TSH synthesis hauv pituitary caj pas yog inhibited, thiab vice versa.
Y Gonadotropic Hormone
Gonadotropic cov tshuaj hormones (GnTG) hauv cov tsiaj tsiaj, suav nrog tib neeg, yog sawv cev los ntawm follicle-stimulating (FSH) thiab luteinizing (LH) cov tshuaj hormones. Lawv txawv tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Ntxiv mus, lawv txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm seb poj niam txiv neej. Hauv cov poj niam, FSH txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov follicles; nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej, nws yog tsim nyog los tsim cov spermatic qaum thiab sib txawv ntawm spermatozoa.
LH hauv cov ntxhais yog koom nrog kev tsim cov corpus luteum hauv zes qe menyuam, ovulation. Hauv cov txiv neej, cov tshuaj hormones protein ua haujlwmtso zis ntawm testosterone los ntawm cov qe ntshav. Ntxiv mus, testosterone yog tsim tsis tau rau hauv cov txiv neej, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov poj niam.
Teb cov lus nug uas cov tshuaj hormones protein txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj FSH thiab LH hauv cov qog pituitary, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov no tsuas yog ib qho tshuaj hormones xwb. Nws yog hu ua gonadotropin-tso tshuaj hormone. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog endocrine peripheral, cov synthesis ntawm GnRH yog tswj los ntawm cov kabmob ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb (lub limbic ib feem ntawm lub hlwb).
Cov tshuaj hormones ntawm lub caj pas pituitary anterior
Cov tshuaj hormones muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev uas nyob sab nraud endocrine system. Cov no suav nrog:
- somatotropic hormone;
- Yprolactin;
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
YSomatotropic hormone
Somatotropic hormone lossis kev loj hlob hormone yog cov protein ntau uas suav nrog 191 amino acid residues. Nws cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm lwm cov tshuaj pituitary - prolactin.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm somatotropin yog los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha thiab tag nrho cov kab mob hauv lub cev. Cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm somatotropin yog ua los ntawm kev nce qhov loj thiab cov hlwb uas nyob hauv cov pob txha mos ntawm cov epiphyses (qhov kawg ntawm cov pob txha). Tom qab kev laus dhau lawm, pob txha mos yog hloov los ntawm cov pob txha. Yog li ntawd, somatotropin tsis tuaj yeem txhawb cov pob txha loj hlob ntxiv lawm. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg loj hlob mus txog ib lub hnub nyoog.
Ntau dhau ntawm kev loj hlob hormone hauv menyuam yaus ua rauhais tias tus me nyuam loj hlob. Tab sis txhua qhov ntawm lub cev yog loj proportionally. Cov mob no hu ua gigantism. Yog tias somatotropin nquag ua rau cov neeg laus, muaj kev loj hlob tsis sib xws ntawm ib qho ntawm lub cev - acromegaly.
Yog tias, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, somatotropic kev loj hlob hormone tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tsis txaus, dwarfism tsim. Tus me nyuam loj hlob luv heev, tab sis cov proportions ntawm lub cev yog khaws cia.
Tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg ntawm lub txiav
Lub txiav txiav yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov qog ua kua dej sib xyaw. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ntxiv rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, nws tseem tsim cov enzymes uas tsim nyog rau kev zom zaub mov hauv cov hnyuv. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj hormones protein thiab enzymes yog ob qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub txiav.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tsim tawm hauv lub txiav yog insulin thiab glucagon. Lawv yog cov antagonists rau ib leeg, uas yog, lawv ua qhov sib txawv kiag li. Vim yog kev sib koom tes ntawm cov tshuaj hormones no, cov metabolism hauv carbohydrate ib txwm tau ua kom ntseeg tau.
Y Insulin yog tsim nyob rau hauv islets ntawm Langerhans los ntawm proinsulin. Nws txo qhov concentration ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:
- nce nws kev siv hauv hlwb;
- inhibition ntawm gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis hauv siab);
- inhibit glycolysis (kev tawg ntawm glycogen rau qabzib);
- stimulate glycogenesis (tsim glycogen los ntawm qabzib).
Insulin kuj txhawb kev tsim cov protein thiab rog. Ntawd yog, nwshais txog cov tshuaj hormones anabolic. Glucagon muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha, thiab yog li nws tau muab cais ua cov tshuaj catabolic.
Zoo kawg
Hormones-proteins thiab lipids yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub cev. Proteins, uas yog synthesized tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus thiab pituitary caj pas, cuam tshuam cov synthesis ntawm biologically active tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub peripheral endocrine qog. Thiab steroid thiab poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov qog adrenal thiab gonads nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov proteins, yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg.
Kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg thoob plaws hauv lub cev tshwm sim zoo, raws li kev tswj hwm nruj. Thiab kev ua txhaum ntawm cov haujlwm no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab qee zaum cuam tshuam tsis tau.
