Cov lus nug txog qhov twg cov Slavs tuaj, thaum twg thiab qhov twg cov neeg Slavic sawv, zoo siab rau cov neeg uas xav paub lawv cov hauv paus hniav. Kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb txog ethnogenesis ntawm Slavic pab pawg, raws li archaeological, linguistic thiab lwm yam discoveries, tab sis tsis muab ib tug unambiguous teb rau ntau cov lus nug nyuaj. Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv, qee zaum tawm tsam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis txawm tias cov kws sau ntawv lawv tus kheej tsis ntseeg lawv qhov kev ntseeg tau vim tsis muaj cov khoom siv.
thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov Slavs
Nws paub tseeb tias qhov twg thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Slavs tuaj ntawm. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub neej ntawm Slavic pab pawg hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 1st BC. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsim nyog tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, raws li lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Greek, Roman, Byzantine thiab Arab kev vam meej uas twb muaj lawv cov lus sau. Cov tsos ntawm Slavs nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no theem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th AD. e.
Cov neeg niaj hnub uas nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe tau ib zaug ib lub zej zog, uas feem ntau hu ua Proto-Slavs. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II. BC e sawv tawm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj qubIndo-European zej zog. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb xa tag nrho cov lus ntawm pawg Slavic mus rau tsev neeg hom lus no.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai, muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Yog li hais tias anthropologists. Yog li peb los ntawm tib pawg neeg?
Yawg Slavs nyob qhov twg?
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm muaj ib co zej zog, haiv neeg. Cov neeg no nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam me me. Tab sis cov kws tshaj lij tsis tuaj yeem sau npe qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw no, qhia rau tib neeg qhov twg Slavs tuaj ntawm keeb kwm ntawm European lub xeev. Tiam sis, lawv tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo rau qhov teeb meem no.
Tab sis lawv tau koom siab tias cov neeg Slavic tau koom nrog kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj ntawm cov pejxeem, uas tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb tom qab, hauv 5-7th centuries, thiab hu ua Great Migration of Peoples. Cov Slavs nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev: nyob rau sab qab teb, nyob rau hauv lub Balkan Peninsula; nyob rau sab hnub poob, mus rau tus dej Oder thiab Elbe; nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nrog rau East European Plain. Tab sis qhov twg?
Central Europe
Ntawm daim ntawv qhia niaj hnub ntawm Tebchaws Europe koj tuaj yeem pom thaj chaw keeb kwm hu ua Galicia. Niaj hnub no, ib feem ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Poland, thiab lwm yam - nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Lub npe ntawm thaj chaw tau muab sijhawm rau cov kws tshawb fawb los xav tias Gauls (Celts) tau nyob ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, thaj tsam ntawm thawj qhov chaw nyob ntawm Slavs yuav yog sab qaum teb ntawm Czechoslovakia.
Thiab cov Slavs tuaj qhov twg? Cov lus piav qhia ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv III-IV centuries, hmoov tsis, tseem nyob rau theem ntawm hypotheses thiab theories. Qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau lub sijhawm noyuav luag tsis. Archaeology tseem tsis tuaj yeem tso lub teeb rau lub sijhawm no. Cov kws tshaj lij tab tom sim pom cov Slavs hauv cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv no muaj ntau controversy txawm rau cov tub txawg lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, kab lis kev cai Chernyakhov tau koom nrog Slavic kab lis kev cai rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm lub hauv paus no. Tam sim no ntau thiab ntau tus kws tshaj lij tau nyiam ntseeg tias kab lis kev cai no tau tsim los ntawm ob peb haiv neeg ib zaug nrog cov neeg Iranians tseem ceeb.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim txiav txim siab qhov chaw nyob ntawm Slavs los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lawv cov lus. Qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws tuaj yeem yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov twg Slavs tuaj ntawm, raws li cov npe ntawm cov ntoo. Qhov tsis muaj npe ntawm beech thiab fir hauv Slavic lexicon, uas yog, qhov tsis paub ntawm cov nroj tsuag, qhia tau hais tias, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov chaw muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib pawg haiv neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Ukraine lossis sab qab teb ntawm Belarus. Ntxiv dua thiab, kev siv yog ua rau qhov tseeb tias thaj tsam ntawm cov ntoo no tau hloov pauv ntau pua xyoo.
Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo heev
Tus Huns, ib pab pawg neeg sib ntaus sib tua tsiv mus nyob thoob plaws thaj tsam ntawm Far East thiab Mongolia, tau ua phem nrog Suav tau ntev. Muaj kev txom nyem poob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2 BC, lawv maj nrawm mus rau sab hnub poob. Lawv txoj kev khiav mus los ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas muaj neeg nyob hauv Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan. Lawv tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov pab pawg neeg nyob hauv cov chaw, rub txoj hauv kev los ntawm Mongolia mus rau Volga cov neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg, feem ntau yog Ugric thiab Iranian pab pawg. Cov pawg no tau mus txog Tebchaws Europe, tsis yog haiv neeg ib leeg lawm.
Pab Pawg Sib TwAlans, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Volga, muab ib tug muaj zog tiv thaiv mus rau lub nce qib. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nomadic, tawv tawv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv nres qhov kev txav ntawm Huns, ncua lawv rau ob puas xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th, cov Alans tau swb lawm thiab cov Huns tshem txoj kev mus rau Tebchaws Europe.
Cov pab pawg neeg tsov rog qus hla lub Volga thiab maj nrawm mus rau Don, mus rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm pawg neeg ntawm Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai, ua rau lawv ntshai heev. Ntawm txoj kev, lawv tau kov yeej lub teb chaws ntawm Alans thiab Goths, qee qhov mus rau Ciscaucasia, thiab qee qhov maj nrawm mus rau sab hnub poob nrog ntau tus yeej.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Hun invasion
Vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm no, tau muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem, kev sib xyaw ntawm haiv neeg thiab hloov chaw nyob ib txwm muaj. Nrog rau qhov kev hloov pauv hauv thaj av ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis lees paub los tsim kev ntseeg siab thiab luv luv qhov twg Slavs tuaj.
Feem ntau, kev tsiv teb tsaws cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam steppe thiab hav zoov-steppe. Piv txwv li, cov Slavs uas tau thim rov qab mus rau sab hnub tuaj ua kom thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau cov neeg ntawm lwm pab pawg, suav nrog cov neeg Iran hauv zos. Cov pawg neeg ntawm complex haiv neeg, khiav tawm ntawm Huns, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th tuaj rau nruab nrab Dnieper. Cov kws tshawb fawb txhawb qhov kev xav no los ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv cov chaw ntawm kev sib hais haum hu ua Kyiv, uas txhais tau tias "lub nroog" hauv ib qho ntawm Iranian dialects.
Tom qab ntawd cov Slavs hla lub Dnieper thiab nce mus rau hauv lub phiab ntawm tus dej Desna, uas yog hu ua Slavic lub npe "Txoj cai". Koj tuaj yeem sim taug qab qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas cov Slavs tau tshwm sim hauv cov chaw no, los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov dej ntws. Nyob rau sab qab teb, cov dej loj loj tsis hloov lawv lub npe, tawm hauv cov laus, Iranian npe. Don yog qhov yooj yimtus dej, lub Dnieper yog ib tug tob dej, Ross yog ib tug kaj dej, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine thiab yuav luag thoob plaws hauv lub Belarus, cov dej ntws muaj purely Slavic npe: Berezina, Teterev, Goryn, thiab lwm yam. Undoubtedly, qhov no yog pov thawj. nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntawm ancient Slavs. Tab sis nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los txiav txim siab qhov twg Slavs tuaj ntawm no, los tsim txoj hauv kev ntawm lawv txoj kev txav mus los. Txhua qhov kev xav yog ua raws li cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb.
Kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw Slavic
Tus Huns tsis xav txog qhov twg cov Slavs tuaj ntawm no, thiab qhov twg lawv tau thim rov qab los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm nomads. Lawv tsis nrhiav kev rhuav tshem cov Slavic pab pawg, lawv cov yeeb ncuab yog Germans thiab Iranians. Ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no, cov Slavs, uas yav dhau los tau nyob hauv thaj chaw me me, nthuav dav lawv thaj chaw. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th, kev txav ntawm Slavs mus rau sab hnub poob txuas ntxiv, qhov chaw lawv thawb cov Germans ntxiv mus rau Elbe. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub colonization ntawm lub Balkans tau tshwm sim, qhov twg cov pab pawg neeg hauv zos ntawm Illyrians, Dalmatians thiab Thracians tau assimilated sai heev thiab calmly. Peb tuaj yeem ntseeg siab tham txog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev txav ntawm Slavs nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Qhov no muab qee lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw Slavs tuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab, Ukraine thiab Belarus.
Ib xyoo tom qab, nrog cov pej xeem hauv zos ntawm Greeks, Volohs thiab Albanians tseem nyob hauv Balkans, Slavs tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej nom tswv. Tam sim no lawv txoj kev txav mus rau Byzantium tau qhia ob qho tib si los ntawm Balkans thiab los ntawm qis dua ntawm Danube.
Muaj lwm qhov kev xav ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij,leej twg, thaum nug cov Slavs qhov twg los, teb luv luv: "Tsis muaj qhov twg. Lawv ib txwm nyob ntawm East European Plain. " Zoo li lwm cov kev xav, qhov no yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev sib cav tsis txaus ntseeg.
Thiab peb tseem yuav xav tias ib zaug koom ua ke Proto-Slavs tau muab faib ua peb pawg hauv 6th-8th centuries: sab qab teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj Slavs nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg ntawm ib pawg neeg sib xyaw. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem yuav kov thiab cuam tshuam ib leeg, tab sis tam sim no txhua ceg yuav muaj nws keeb kwm.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau sab hnub tuaj
Pib txij li 6th-7th centuries, muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj txog Proto-Slavs, thiab yog li cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha ntau dua uas cov kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm. Txij thaum ntawd los, science paub qhov twg Eastern Slavs tuaj. Lawv, tawm hauv Huns, nyob thaj tsam ntawm Eastern Europe: los ntawm Ladoga mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Dub, los ntawm Carpathian Toj siab mus rau thaj tsam Volga. Cov keeb kwm suav qhov ntau ntawm kaum peb pawg neeg hauv thaj chaw no. Cov no yog Vyatichi, Radimichi, Polans, Polochans, Volhynians, Ilmen Slovenes, Dregovichi, Drevlyans, Ulichi, Tivertsy, Northerners, Krivichi thiab Dulebs.
Cov Eastern Slavs nyob qhov twg los ntawm thaj av Lavxias, nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev sib hais haum, tab sis kuv xav ua tib zoo saib rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xaiv qhov chaw sib hais haum. Pom tseeb, thaj chaw thiab haiv neeg cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev sib hais haum tau tshwm sim ntawm no.
Txoj kev ua neej ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavs. Management Issues
Nyob rau hauv V-VII centuries, cov Slavs tseem nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm pawg neeg. Txhua tus tswvcuab hauv zej zog tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntshav. V. O. Klyuchevsky tau sau tias pawg neeg koom siab tau so ntawm ob tug ncej: ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm pab pawg neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev sib cais ntawm pab pawg neeg cov cuab yeej. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tau txiav txim los ntawm tib neeg lub rooj sib txoos, veche.
Tam sim no pab pawg neeg kev sib raug zoo pib tawg, tsev neeg dhau los ua lub ntsiab kev lag luam. Cov zej zog nyob ib puag ncig raug tsim. Cov cuab yeej hauv tsev neeg suav nrog tsev, tsiaj txhu, cov khoom muag. Thiab meadows, dej, hav zoov thiab av tseem yog cov cuab yeej ntawm zej zog. Kev faib ua rau cov neeg dawb huv Slavs thiab cov qhev pib tshwm sim, uas tau los ua neeg raug ntes.
Slavic pab pawg
Nrog cov nroog tshwm sim, tub rog tub rog tau tshwm sim. Muaj cov xwm txheej uas lawv txeeb tau lub hwj chim hauv cov chaw nyob uas lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv, thiab tau los ua tus thawj coj. Muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog pab pawg neeg lub hwj chim, nrog rau kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg Slavic thaum ub, cov chav kawm tau tsim, cov neeg tseem ceeb tswj hwm. Lub zog nws thiaj li los ua keeb kwm.
Chav Kawm ntawm Slavs
Txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov Slavs thaum ub yog kev ua liaj ua teb, uas nws thiaj li ua tau zoo dua qub. Cov cuab yeej txhim kho. Tab sis kev ua liaj ua teb tsis yog tib leeg xwb.
Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tiaj tau tsa nyuj thiab nqaij qaib. Kev saib xyuas zoo tau them rau kev yug nees. Nees thiab nyuj yog lub ntsiab cua ntsawj ntshab.
Slavs yos hav zoov. Lawv tua elk, mos lwj, thiab lwm yam kev ua si. Muaj ib tug tsiaj ua lag luam. Thaum lub caij sov, cov Slavs tau koom nrog beekeeping. Zib ntab, siv quav ciab thiab lwm yam khoom siv rau zaub mov, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv tau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib pauv. Maj mam, ib tsev neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau yam tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm zej zog - yog licov khoom ntiag tug yug los.
Crafts tsim, thawj tsim nyog rau kev lag luam. Tom qab ntawd qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tau nthuav dav, lawv tau tsiv ntau dua los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Masters pib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws yooj yim dua muag lawv cov hauj lwm. Cov no yog kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam.
Kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg Slavic thaum ub. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII-IX uas txoj kev "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" tau yug los, nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas lub nroog loj tshwm sim. Tab sis nws tsis yog tib tug xwb. Cov Slavs kuj paub txog lwm txoj kev lag luam.
Kev ntseeg ntawm Eastern Slavs
Eastern Slavs tshaj tawm kev ntseeg pagan. Lawv hwm lub hwj chim ntawm tej xwm txheej, thov Vajtswv rau ntau tus Vajtswv, ua kev txi, tsa tej mlom.
Slavs ntseeg hauv brownies, goblin, mermaids. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej thiab lawv lub tsev los ntawm dab phem, lawv tsim amulets.
Slavic kab lis kev cai
Slavic hnub so kuj cuam tshuam nrog xwm. Lawv ua kev zoo siab rau qhov tig ntawm lub hnub rau lub caij ntuj sov, farewell rau lub caij ntuj no, lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Kev ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua tau suav tias yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thiab qee qhov no tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no.
Piv txwv li, daim duab ntawm Snow Maiden, uas tuaj rau peb hnub so rau lub caij ntuj no. Tab sis nws tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub no, tab sis los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub. Lub Snow Maiden tuaj qhov twg los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Slavs? Los ntawm sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Russia, qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no lawv tsim amulets los ntawm dej khov. Ib tug hluas nkauj melts thaum tuaj txog ntawm tshav kub, tab sis lwm yam charms tshwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev mus txog rau thaum lub caij ntuj no.
