Nws zoo kawg nkaus, tab sis txhua feeb cov tib neeg uas muaj lub ntsej muag tshwj xeeb, cim caj ces yog yug los hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog vim muaj qee yam kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, tus nqi ntawm qhov loj txaus rau kev txhim kho evolutionary tsis yog tsuas yog ib chav cais cais, tab sis lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Cia peb saib seb qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm keeb kwm yog dab tsi, txoj cai twg nws ua raws thiab nws cuam tshuam li cas rau phylogeny.
Definition
Piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yog qee yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm cov niam txiv lossis ntau yam kev hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov zygote. Feem ntau, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm genotype ntawm ntau yam kab mob yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim random thaum lub sij hawm meiosis.
Ntxhais kab mob sib txawv
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias ntxiv rau qhov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv, tsis yog kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ontogeny ntawm lub cev. Nws yogyog tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig, kev ua neej nyob thiab lwm yam tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv genotype. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab tsis yog caj ces hloov pauv.
mutation forms
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, ntxiv rau qhov kev ywj pheej ntawm chromosomes hauv kev loj hlob ntawm embryo, kuj tuaj yeem yog qee yam kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam. Cia peb saib ntawm txhua daim ntawv sib cais.
kev sib hlub
Kev sib txuam sib txawv yog ib qho ntawm cov qib tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qee hom. Nws yog ruaj khov thiab tshwm sim nyob txhua qhov chaw. Nws yog ua tsaug rau hom kev hloov pauv no uas muaj xws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua tus neeg hauv ib hom.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua tau vim muaj qhov tshwm sim xws li:
- kev ywj pheej sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem caj ces theem pib - chromosomes, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm meiotic cell division;
- fusion ntawm gametes random thaum lub sij hawm fertilization ncaj qha;
- pauv cov khoom siv caj ces hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov tshwm sim zoo li hla dhau.
Yog li, kev sib xyaw ua ke sib txawv yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas ua kom lub cev tsis sib xws ntawm cov caj ces ntawm txhua tus neeg sib cais.
Mutational
Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yav dhau los. Cov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tus neeg txhim kho, thiabtej zaum yuav tsis tseem ceeb heev uas lawv tsis raug kuaj pom txhua thiab tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub cev.
Tab sis feem ntau kev hloov pauv tsis zoo thiab pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txawv, cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, kab mob. Qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis zoo nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias, ib zaug kho hauv genotype, lawv tuaj yeem tau txais qub txeeg qub teg.
Tsis tas li, kev hloov pauv tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Rau lub hauv paus no, lawv muab faib ua somatic thiab generative. Lawv cuam tshuam rau qib sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej genetic apparatus, uas faib lawv li chromosomal, noob los yog genomic.
Examples
Piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog ntau haiv neeg thiab feem ntau pom hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm hom kev hloov pauv no yog tias tus me nyuam yuav zoo ib yam li cov niam txiv hauv qee qhov kev hwm. Piv txwv li, kom tau txais cov plaub hau tsaus nti ntawm leej niam thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm leej txiv. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm combinative variability. Tab sis nws tsim nyog xav txog tias txawm tias muaj qhov sib xws zoo sib xws, cov xeeb ntxwv yuav tsis yog cov ntawv tseeb ntawm cov niam txiv, ob qho tib si hauv phenotypic thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, hauv cov ntsiab lus genotypic.
Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm rau-ntiv tes, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tau pom dua. Los yog xws li cov kab mob tsis kaj siab xws li phenylketonuria, uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm cov amino acid metabolism.
Hmoob series
Ib tus kws tshawb fawb uasnquag koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog qhov tshwm sim xws li kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, yog N. I. Vavilov.
Nws suav tias yog qhov hu ua homological series ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv, uas yog qee qhov piv txwv hauv biology ntawm homological series ntawm cov organic compounds.
Paub txog qee cov qauv, nws tuaj yeem suav cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg hauv hom uas muaj cov koob no. Rau lub hauv paus no, ib qho ntawm cov kev cai lij choj tau tsim los txhais cov qauv ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg, uas yog hu ua txoj cai ntawm homologous series ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv. Tam sim no, txoj cai no tau siv rau hauv cov noob caj noob ces.
Txoj cai ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv
Txoj cai no, tsim los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm homologous series, suab zoo li no: genera thiab hom uas muaj cov caj ces zoo sib xws sib txawv hauv cov kev hloov pauv hauv qee qhov tsis muaj. Raws li qhov no, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev paub txog qee hom hauv ib hom, ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees tias muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws.
N. I. Vavilov tau txhawb nqa txoj cai ntawm homological series ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv nrog qee yam qauv rau kev suav.
Txoj Cai Lij Choj
Txoj cai no, tsim los ntawm N. I. Vavilov, feem ntau txhawb rau kev txhais cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob.
Yog li, piv txwv li, raws li nws, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias hauv cov tsiaj uas zoo sib xws hauv lawv cov cuab yeej caj ces thiab muaj cov hauv paus chiv keeb, kwv yees li tib yam kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd,Cov kws tshawb fawb, los ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tau tsim tias txawm tias cov chav loj loj xws li cov chav kawm tuaj yeem ntsib qhov kev hu ua parallelism raws li qhov muaj homologous series.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis yog rau cov chav kawm siab dua ntawm cov kab mob nyob, tab sis rau qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws.
kab mob sib kis
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tsis tas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib tus neeg thiab nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Piv txwv li, ntau yam kev hloov pauv lossis tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm cov noob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xeeb tub thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txawv hauv kev loj hlob ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj. Xav txog qee yam kab mob caj ces.
Yog li, kab mob caj ces tuaj yeem muab faib ua:
- Chromosomal. Cov kev sib txawv no tshwm sim los ntawm qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv chromosomes. Nws tuaj yeem yog ob qho kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntau thiab cov qauv nws tus kheej. Down Syndrome yog suav hais tias yog cov kab mob ntau tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg no. Cov menyuam yaus raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tus mob no txawv ntawm nws qhov hnyav, tab sis nrog kev kho kom raug thiab kev kho mob, lawv tuaj yeem muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab muaj kev ywj pheej yav tom ntej.
- Genomic. Kev hloov pauv ntawm hom no, cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov genome, tshwm sim tsawg dua thiab yuav luag ib txwm ua rau tuag rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tus kab mob no yog Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome. Cov neeg uas muaj tus mob no, ntxiv rau ntau lwm tusCov cim qhia yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo thiab kev sib deev me me lossis obliterated yam ntxwv.
- Monogenic. Cov kab mob no yog ua raws li kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho gene. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb lossis rov ua dua. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv yog sib deev-txuas, qee qhov yog autosome-txuas.
Hereditary variability in evolution
Kev hloov pauv yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm phylogenesis. Yog tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo li no uas tso cai rau koj tswj hwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces thiab hloov mus rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib puag ncig, cov kab mob ntawm ib lub koom haum yuav raug puas tsuaj mus rau qhov tuag.
Vim muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv raws li kev xaiv ntuj. Nws yog qhov tseeb vim hais tias txhua tus neeg muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov genotypic thiab phenotypic cov khoom uas tus lej raug tswj hwm hauv qhov xwm txheej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem muaj peev xwm zam kom tsis txhob ploj tag nrho ntawm ib lossis lwm chav cais.
Tus nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tsis muaj nuj nqis rau cov txheej txheem evolutionary. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj thiab kev faib tawm uas tso cai rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no muaj ntau haiv neeg. Hereditary variability kuj tseem ceeb heev rau kev ciaj sia ntawm hom. Kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm ib puag ncig yuam cov kab mob hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej uas twb muaj lawm. Yog tsis muaj qhov no lossis qhov kev xav hauv genotype, qhov no yuav ua tsis tau thiabcoj mus rau qhov kawg ntawm hom.
