Rau ib tug neeg niaj hnub no, phau ntawv lossis ntawv xov xwm yog ib qho tshwm sim. Tab sis thaum kaj ntug ntawm lawv qhov tsos, cov ntawv sau thiab phau ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tib neeg. Lawv muaj tsis tau tsuas yog cov ntawv kev cai dab qhuas xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov tshuaj rau cov tshuaj thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau tau tsawg. Typography tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII, thiab ua ntej ntawd tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb raug luam los ntawm txhais tes nyob rau hauv scriptoria.
History of tshwm sim
Kev txhais los ntawm keeb kwm, dab tsi hauv scriptorium muaj nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv nyob rau nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Nws suab zoo li no: "Qhov no yog lub rooj cob qhia rau kev luam cov ntawv sau hauv monasteries." Cov chaw zoo li no tau tshwm sim hauv VI xyoo pua AD. e. nyob teb chaws Europe. Ntawm cov ntawv tshwj xeeb yog yav qab teb Ltalis, Fabkis thiab Spain. Lub chaw nto moo yog Italian monastery Vivarium. Nws tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv rau kev cob qhia cov kws sau ntawv.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, yuav luag txhua lub tsev qiv ntawv thaum ub tau ploj mus: lawv tau hlawv hauv hluav taws lossis raug puas tsuaj vim muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab kev kub ntxhov. Ntau yam, kev vam meej ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv tsis pom zoo rau kev khaws cia cov txiaj ntsig thaum ub. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv kev cai dab qhuas xav tau. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub monasteries, cov phau ntawv nkag mus rau hauv qeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawspaub meej. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg thawj zaug pom tias lub tsev teev ntuj yog dab tsi, rov sau ntau yam haujlwm hauv lawv.
Tus tsim ntawm Phau Ntawv Sau
Nyob Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov txiv plig yog cov neeg txawj nyeem ntawv thiab txawj ntse tshaj plaws uas muaj peev xwm nyeem thiab sau ntawv, tsis zoo li cov chav kawm qis.
Cov txiv plig muaj tus cwj pwm zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv classical, theej thiab tswj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov ntawv, khaws cov phau ntawv khaws cia. Cov neeg saib xyuas no suav nrog Cassiodorus, uas tau tsim lub tsev teev ntuj Vivarium nyob rau sab qab teb Ltalis. Tus txiv neej no yog thawj tus paub tias lub tsev teev ntuj yog dab tsi, uas nws tau tsim tsa hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab nrog rau lub tsev qiv ntawv.
Ntxiv rau cov ntseeg, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tseem muaj cov ntawv sau nrog cov ntawv los ntawm cov kws sau Latin thiab Greek. Hauv nws daim ntawv cog lus, nws qhia kev kos duab ntawm kev tuav phau ntawv - luam, kho qhov yuam kev thiab rov kho dua.
Txoj kev suav neeg suav suav
Kev kos duab ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau ua tiav. Ntau cov ntawv sau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ua piv txwv zoo ntawm kev sau thiab kev piav qhia.
Dab tsi yog ib phau ntawv, nws paub zoo rau cov thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg. Cov dej num no tau hwm thiab hwm. Qee lub sij hawm rov sau dua tau ua raws li kev cog lus tshwj xeeb, hauv lwm qhov nws yog txoj haujlwm zoo tib yam ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv tshiab.
Raws li txoj cai, tus neeg paub ntau tshaj nyeem cov hauj lwm nrov nrov, thaum lwm tus rov sau dua. Kuj tseem muaj kev faib cov dej num: ib tug neeg rov sau dua cov phau ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev sau ntawv, thiablwm tus tau luam cov ntawv.
Txhua hnub, cov txiv plig luam tawm tsis pub dhau 6 nplooj ntawv, vim nws yog txheej txheem nyuaj heev, vim qhov pom kev tsis zoo thiab lub nraub qaum thiab lub cev mob tag nrho.
Keeb kwm, cov ntawv sau tau sau los ntawm kev hais lus ntawm kuv lub hauv caug. Cov ntxhuav tau tshwm sim, pom tseeb, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm thawj cov duab kos duab ntawm cov neeg pleev kob ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntxhuav uas tau muaj sia nyob txij li lub sijhawm ntawd mus txog niaj hnub no.
Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov ntawv sau tau sau rau ntawm parchment ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj hauv tsev. Ces lawv pib siv ntawv, uas pheej yig dua.
In the XIII caug xyoo. Nrog rau kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm, cov ntawv sau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb, raws li kev tsim cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov pej xeem secular pib.
Ntiaj teb qhov tseeb
Txog xyoo pua 13th, kev rov sau phau ntawv yog kev lag luam ntawm cov txiv plig nkaus xwb. Ces cov mej zeej ntawm pawg ntseeg tau koom nrog txoj hauj lwm no. Txhawm rau tsim ib qho kev sau ntawv, yuav tsum muaj ntau yam craftsmen: los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg txhais lus rau jewelers. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua tus neeg nyob hauv nruab nrab Tebchaws Europe twb paub tias lub tsev teev ntuj yog dab tsi. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb folios tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog embossing lossis pob zeb zoo nkauj. Cov ntawv sau zoo li no tau kim heev. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg muaj koob muaj npe heev tau yuav ib phau ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig, muab tag nrho cov lus cog tseg rau nws.
Txawm kom txuag tau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev nyiag khoom, uas feem ntau hnyav tshaj 10 kg vim muaj ntau lub pob zeb muaj nuj nqis, lawv tau txuas rau cov rooj nrog cov saw hnyav. Nws yog noteworthy tiastag nrho cov hauj lwm (txawm tias tawv polishing) tau ua ntsiag to. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tag nrho tej hauj lwm uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no tau sau dua tshiab thiab khaws cia hauv cov tuam tsev.
