Ib xyoos dhau los, Peter Higgs thiab François Engler tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau lawv txoj haujlwm ntawm subatomic hais. Tej zaum nws yuav zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ib nrab xyoo dhau los, tab sis txog tam sim no lawv tseem tsis tau muab qhov tseem ceeb.
Hauv xyoo 1964, ob tus kws tshaj lij physicists kuj tau los nrog lawv txoj kev xav tshiab. Thaum xub thawj, nws kuj nyiam yuav luag tsis muaj xim. Qhov no yog coj txawv txawv, txij li thaum nws tau piav qhia txog cov qauv ntawm hadrons, yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev sib raug zoo. Nws yog quark txoj kev xav.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Los ntawm txoj kev, quark yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub hadron. Tseem ceeb! Cov khoom no muaj qhov "ib nrab", qhov tseeb yog fermion. Nyob ntawm cov xim (ntxiv rau qhov hauv qab no), tus nqi ntawm lub quark tuaj yeem sib npaug rau ib feem peb lossis ob feem peb ntawm cov proton. Raws li rau xim, muaj rau ntawm lawv (tiam ntawm quarks). Lawv xav tau kom tsis txhob ua txhaum txoj cai Pauli.
Basicdetails
Nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hadrons, cov khoom no nyob ntawm qhov deb tsis pub tshaj tus nqi kaw. Qhov no tau piav qhia yooj yim: lawv pauv vectors ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas, uas yog, gluons. Vim li cas lub quark thiaj li tseem ceeb? Gluon plasma (saturated nrog quarks) yog lub xeev ntawm cov teeb meem uas tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau nyob tam sim ntawd tom qab lub suab nrov. Raws li, qhov muaj nyob ntawm quarks thiab gluons yog ib qho kev lees paub ncaj qha tias nws yog tiag tiag.
Lawv kuj muaj lawv tus kheej xim, thiab yog li ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm txav, lawv tsim lawv cov ntawv theej virtual. Yog li, raws li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm quarks nce, lub zog ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv nce ntau. Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, qhov kev sib cuam tshuam tau ploj mus (asymptotic ywj pheej).
Yog li, txhua qhov kev sib cuam tshuam zoo hauv hadrons tau piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm gluons ntawm quarks. Yog tias peb tham txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hadrons, ces lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov ntawm pi-meson resonance. Cias muab, indirectly, txhua yam rov los rau kev pauv ntawm gluons.
Puas muaj pes tsawg quarks hauv nucleons?
Txhua lub neutron muaj ib khub ntawm d-quarks, thiab txawm tias ib zaug u-quark. Txhua proton, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog tsim los ntawm ib qho d-quark thiab ib khub ntawm u-quarks. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tsiaj ntawv raug muab nyob ntawm tus lej quantum.
Cia peb piav. Piv txwv li, beta lwj tau piav qhia meej los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib yam ntawm tib hom quarks hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm nucleon rau lwm qhov. Ua kom pom tseeb, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem sau ua qauv zoo li no: d=u + w (qhov no yog neutron decay). Raws li,proton yog sau los ntawm ib tug me ntsis txawv mis: u=d + w.
Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog txheej txheem tom kawg uas piav qhia qhov ntws tas li ntawm neutrinos thiab positrons los ntawm pawg hnub qub loj. Yog li, ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb, muaj ob peb qhov tseem ceeb xws li quark: gluon plasma, raws li peb tau hais lawm, lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm qhov loj, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom no tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb kom nkag siab zoo txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. lub ntiaj teb uas peb nyob.
Dab tsi yog qhov me dua li qhov quark?
Los ntawm txoj kev, quarks muaj dab tsi? Lawv constituent hais yog preons. Cov khoom no me me thiab nkag siab tsis zoo, yog li niaj hnub no tsis paub ntau txog lawv. Qhov ntawd yog qhov me dua li quark.
Lawv tuaj qhov twg?
Txog hnub tim, feem ntau ob qhov kev xav ntawm kev tsim ntawm preons: txoj hlua txoj hlua thiab Bilson-Thompson txoj kev xav. Hauv thawj kis, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom no tau piav qhia los ntawm txoj hlua oscillations. Qhov kev xav thib ob qhia tias lawv qhov tsos yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub xeev zoo siab ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm.
Ntxim qab kawg, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem piav qhia tag nrho siv cov matrix ntawm kev hloov mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nkhaus ntawm cov kiv cua. Cov khoom ntawm no heev matrix predetermines rau cov preon. Qhov no yog dab tsi quarks yog ua los ntawm.
Summing txog qee qhov txiaj ntsig, peb tuaj yeem hais tias quarks yog ib hom "quanta" hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hadrons. Txaus siab? Thiab tam sim no peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas lub quark tau pom dav dav. Qhov no yog ib zaj dab neeg nthuav heev, uas, ntxiv rau, tag nrho nthuav tawm qee qhov nuances tau piav qhia saum toj no.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Tam sim tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb ntawm subatomic hais, uas mus txog rau thaum ntawd tau saib yooj yim (raws li cov tswv yim no). Protons, neutrons (nucleons) thiab electrons tsim ib lub atom. Xyoo 1947, pions tau pom (thiab lawv lub neej tau kwv yees rov qab rau xyoo 1935), uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nucleons hauv cov nucleus ntawm atoms. Ntau tshaj ib qho kev nthuav qhia kev tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib zaug. Quarks tseem tsis tau pom, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm lawv "khiav" tau los ze dua.
Neutrinos tseem tsis tau pom los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tab sis lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev piav qhia txog beta lwj ntawm atoms tau zoo heev uas cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj kev ntseeg tsawg ntawm lawv lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov antiparticles twb tau kuaj pom lossis kwv yees. Tib yam uas tseem tsis tau paub meej yog qhov xwm txheej nrog muons, uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm pions thiab tom qab ntawd dhau mus rau hauv lub xeev ntawm neutrino, electron, los yog positron. Physicists tsis to taub qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb no yog rau txhua.
Alas, xws li tus qauv yooj yim thiab tsis muaj kev cia siab tsis muaj sia nyob lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb pom peonies ntev. Xyoo 1947, ob tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv, George Rochester thiab Clifford Butler, tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nthuav tawm hauv phau ntawv journal Nature. Cov khoom siv rau nws yog lawv txoj kev kawm ntawm cosmic rays los ntawm txoj kev ntawm huab cua chamber, thaum lawv tau txais cov ntaub ntawv xav paub. Ntawm ib qho ntawm cov duab thaij thaum lub sijhawm soj ntsuam, ib khub ntawm txoj kev uas muaj qhov pib tshwm sim tau pom meej. Txij li qhov tsis sib xws zoo li Latin V, nws tam sim ntawd tau pom meej- tus nqi ntawm cov khoom no txawv txawv.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim ntawd xav tias cov kab no qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev lwj ntawm qee qhov tsis paub, uas tsis muaj lwm yam kab. Kev suav tau pom tias nws qhov hnyav yog li 500 MeV, uas yog qhov loj dua li tus nqi no rau ib qho hluav taws xob. Tau kawg, cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu lawv qhov kev tshawb pom V-particle. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem tsis tau muaj quark. Cov khoom no tseem tos hauv tis.
Nws nyuam qhuav pib
Nws pib nrog qhov kev tshawb pom no. Nyob rau hauv 1949, nyob rau hauv tib yam kev mob, ib tug kab ntawm ib tug particle twb nrhiav tau, uas ua rau nce mus rau peb pions ib zaug. Tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias nws, nrog rau V-particle, yog cov neeg sawv cev sib txawv ntawm ib tsev neeg uas muaj plaub qhov. Tom qab ntawd, lawv hu ua K-mesons (kaons).
Ib khub ntawm tus nqi kaons muaj qhov loj ntawm 494 MeV, thiab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm tus nqi nruab nrab - 498 MeV. Los ntawm txoj kev, xyoo 1947, cov kws tshawb fawb tau muaj hmoo txaus los ntes tib yam tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm kev lwj ntawm kaon zoo, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tsuas txhais tsis tau cov duab kom raug. Txawm li cas los xij, kom muaj kev ncaj ncees tag nrho, qhov tseeb, thawj qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kaon tau rov qab los rau xyoo 1943, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no yuav luag ploj mus tawm tsam cov keeb kwm ntawm ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb tom qab kev tsov rog.
New weirdness
Thiab tom qab ntawd ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau tos cov kws tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1950 thiab 1951, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Manchester thiab Melnburg tau tswj kom pom cov khoom hnyav dua li cov protons thiab neutrons. Nws dua tsis tau them nqi, tab sis decayed rau hauv ib tug proton thiab pion. Qhov kawg, raws li tau nkag siab,tus nqi tsis zoo. Cov particle tshiab tau hu ua Λ (lambda).
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nug ntau dua. Qhov teeb meem yog tias cov khoom tshiab tau tshwm sim tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam atomic muaj zog, sai sai rau hauv cov paub protons thiab neutrons. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ib txwm tshwm sim hauv khub, tsis muaj ib qho kev tshwm sim. Tias yog vim li cas ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj tau tawm tswv yim siv tus lej quantum tshiab - txawv txawv - hauv lawv cov lus piav qhia. Raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus, qhov txawv ntawm tag nrho lwm cov lus paub yog xoom.
tshawb nrhiav ntxiv
Qhov kev tawg ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov systematization tshiab ntawm hadrons. Lub cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv qhov no yog Israeli Yuval Neaman, uas tau hloov txoj haujlwm ntawm ib tug tub rog zoo tshaj plaws rau txoj kev zoo sib xws ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb.
Nws pom tias mesons thiab baryons pom los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tawg, tsim ib pawg ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, ntau yam. Cov tswv cuab ntawm txhua lub koom haum xws li muaj qhov txawv txawv, tab sis cov nqi hluav taws xob sib txawv. Txij li thaum muaj zog nuclear kev sib cuam tshuam tsis yog nyob ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm yam kev hwm cov khoom los ntawm cov multiplet zoo li zoo meej ntxaib.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov pom ntawm cov qauv tsim, thiab tsis ntev lawv tau tswj kom pom nws. Nws hloov tawm los ua ib qho yooj yim generalization ntawm SU(2) spin pab pawg, uas cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb siv los piav txog quantum tooj. Ntawm notsuas yog los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd 23 hadrons twb paub lawm, thiab lawv cov kev sib tw tau sib npaug rau 0, ½ lossis ib chav tsev, thiab yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem siv qhov kev faib tawm.
Vim li ntawd, ob tus lej quantum yuav tsum tau siv rau kev faib tawm ib zaug, vim qhov kev faib tawm tau nthuav dav. Qhov no yog li cas pawg SU(3) tau tshwm sim, uas tau tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua los ntawm Fabkis tus lej lej Elie Cartan. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm ntawm txhua qhov hauv nws, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb. Lub quark tom qab tau yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv cov kab ke, uas tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
New quantum tooj
Yog li cov kws tshawb fawb tau los nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv cov lej quantum abstract, uas tau los ua hypercharge thiab isotopic spin. Txawm li cas los xij, kev coj txawv txawv thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tib yam. Cov txheej txheem no tau raug hu ua Eightfold Path. Qhov no captures qhov piv txwv ntawm Buddhism, qhov twg ua ntej mus txog lub nirvana, koj kuj yuav tsum mus txog yim theem. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov no yog cov nkauj.
Neeman thiab nws cov npoj yaig, Gell-Mann, tau tshaj tawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv xyoo 1961, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm meson paub tom qab ntawd tsis tshaj xya. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntshai hais txog qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm yim meson. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1961, lawv txoj kev xav tau lees paub zoo. Cov khoom uas pom muaj npe hu ua eta meson (Greek tsab η).
Kev tshawb pom ntxiv thiab kev sim nrog qhov ci pom tseeb qhov tseeb tseeb ntawm SU(3) kev faib tawm. Qhov xwm txheej no tau dhau los ua muaj zogib qho kev txhawb siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau pom tias lawv nyob ntawm txoj kev yog. Txawm tias Gell-Mann nws tus kheej tsis ntseeg tias quarks muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Kev tshuaj xyuas txog nws txoj kev xav tsis yog qhov zoo, tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb paub tseeb tias nws yog.
Ntawm no yog quarks
Tsis ntev tsab xov xwm "Schematic qauv ntawm baryons thiab mesons" tau luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv txhim kho lub tswv yim ntawm systematization, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Lawv pom tias SU(3) kuj tso cai rau lub hav zoov ntawm tag nrho cov triplets ntawm fermions, hluav taws xob nqi ntawm 2/3 txog 1/3 thiab -1/3, thiab nyob rau hauv lub triplet ib particle yeej ib txwm tsis-zero strangeness. Gell-Mann, twb paub zoo rau peb, hu ua lawv "quark elementary hais."
Raws li cov nqi, nws xaiv lawv li u, d thiab s (los ntawm cov lus Askiv nce, nqes thiab coj txawv txawv). Raws li txoj cai tshiab, txhua baryon yog tsim los ntawm peb quarks ib zaug. Mesons yog qhov yooj yim dua. Lawv suav nrog ib qho quark (txoj cai no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam) thiab antiquark. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd ua rau cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom no, uas peb tsab xov xwm tau mob siab rau.
Nco me ntsis ntxiv
Kab lus no, uas feem ntau tau txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho physics rau xyoo tom ntej, muaj keeb kwm xav paub ntau ntxiv. Gell-Mann tau xav txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm hom triplets ntev ua ntej nws tshaj tawm, tab sis tsis tau tham txog nws qhov kev xav nrog leej twg. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws qhov kev xav txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom siv nrog cov nqi qis zoo li tsis muaj tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab tham nrog tus kws tshaj lij theoretical physicist Robert Serber, nws tau kawm tias nws cov npoj yaig.ua raws nraim li cov lus xaus.
Dhau li ntawm, tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov tseeb tsuas yog qhov tseeb: qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom no tsuas yog ua tau yog tias lawv tsis yog cov fermions dawb, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm hadrons. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv cov nqi tsim ib tug tag nrho! Thaum xub thawj, Gell-Mann hu lawv quarks thiab txawm hais rau lawv ntawm MTI, tab sis cov lus teb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tau txwv tsis pub. Yog vim li ntawd tus kws tshawb fawb tau xav ntev heev txog seb nws puas yuav tsum xa nws cov kev tshawb fawb rau pej xeem.
Lo lus "quark" (lub suab nco txog lub suab quaj ntawm os) tau muab los ntawm James Joyce ua haujlwm. Oddly txaus, tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau xa nws tsab xov xwm mus rau European scientific journal Physics Letters, raws li nws ntshai heev tias cov neeg kho ntawm American tsab ntawm Physical Review Letters, zoo ib yam li qib, yuav tsis lees txais nws rau kev tshaj tawm. Los ntawm txoj kev, yog tias koj xav saib yam tsawg kawg ntawm ib daim qauv ntawm tsab xov xwm, koj muaj txoj kev ncaj nraim mus rau tib lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Berlin. Tsis muaj quarks hauv nws qhov kev nthuav tawm, tab sis muaj keeb kwm tiav ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom (ntau qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj).
Start of the Quark Revolution
Yuav kom ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias yuav luag tib lub sijhawm, tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm CERN, George Zweig, tuaj rau lub tswv yim zoo sib xws. Ua ntej, Gell-Mann nws tus kheej yog nws tus cob qhia, thiab tom qab ntawd Richard Feynman. Zweig kuj tau txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm fermions uas muaj cov nqi qis, tsuas yog hu ua lawv aces. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshaj lij physicist kuj suav hais tias baryons ua ib pawg ntawm quarks, thiab mesons ua ke ntawm quarks.thiab antiquark.
Yuav ua li cas hais tau yooj yim, tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau rov qab cov lus xaus ntawm nws tus kws qhia, thiab cais tawm ntawm nws. Nws txoj haujlwm tau tshwm sim txawm tias ob peb lub lis piam ua ntej Mann tau tshaj tawm, tab sis tsuas yog ua haujlwm "hauv tsev" ntawm lub koom haum. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov muaj ob txoj haujlwm ywj pheej, cov lus xaus uas yuav luag zoo ib yam, uas tam sim ntawd ntseeg qee tus kws tshawb fawb txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev xav tau.
Los ntawm kev tsis lees paub rau kev ntseeg
Tab sis ntau tus kws tshawb fawb lees paub qhov kev xav no deb ntawm tam sim ntawd. Yog lawm, cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov kws tshawb xav tau poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws rau nws qhov tseeb thiab yooj yim, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb loj tau txais nws tsuas yog tom qab 12 xyoos. Tsis txhob liam rau lawv vim yog conservative heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum xub thawj qhov kev xav ntawm quarks tau tawm tsam Pauli txoj cai, uas peb tau hais thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm. Yog hais tias peb xav hais tias ib tug proton muaj ib khub ntawm u-quarks thiab ib tug d-quark, ces tus qub yuav tsum nruj me ntsis nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev quantum. Raws li Pauli, qhov no ua tsis tau.
Thaum ntawd yog thaum tus lej quantum ntxiv tshwm sim, qhia ua xim (uas peb tau hais los saum toj no). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsis nkag siab tag nrho yuav ua li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm quarks cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, vim li cas lawv cov ntau yam dawb tsis tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov lus zais no tau pab tau zoo heev los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas tau "ua rau lub siab" tsuas yog nyob rau nruab nrab-70s. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, quark txoj kev xav ntawm hadrons tau organically suav nrog hauv nws.
Tab sis feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev xav tau tuav rov qab los ntawm qhov tsis tiav ntawm qhov tsawg kawg yog qee qhov kev sim,uas yuav paub meej tias ob qho tib si lub neej thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm quarks nrog ib leeg thiab nrog lwm cov khoom. Thiab lawv maj mam pib tshwm tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 60s, thaum txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev siv tshuab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua qhov kev sim nrog "kev sib kis" ntawm protons los ntawm electron ntws. Nws yog cov kev sim no uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj tias qee qhov hais tiag "pob" hauv cov protons, uas yog Ameslikas hu ua partons. Tom qab ntawd, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau ntseeg tias qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li qhov tseeb quark, tab sis qhov no tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1972.
Kev kuaj pom tseeb
Tau kawg, xav tau cov ntaub ntawv sim ntau ntxiv txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1964, James Bjorken thiab Sheldon Glashow (tus yeej Nobel nqi zog yav tom ntej, los ntawm txoj kev) tau hais tias kuj tseem yuav muaj plaub hom quark, uas lawv hu ua ntxim nyiam.
Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov kev xav no uas twb muaj nyob rau xyoo 1970 cov kws tshawb fawb tau tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau yam tsis zoo uas tau pom thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kaons. Plaub xyoos tom qab, ob pawg neeg ywj pheej ntawm Asmeskas cov kws kho mob ib zaug tau tswj xyuas qhov kev lwj ntawm meson, uas suav nrog tsuas yog ib qho "charmed" quark, nrog rau nws cov antiquark. Tsis xav tsis thoob, qhov kev tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tau hu ua Lub Kaum Ib Hlis Revolution. Thawj zaug, txoj kev xav ntawm quarks tau txais ntau lossis tsawg dua "kev pom" kev pom zoo.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb pom yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov thawj coj ntawm txoj haujlwm, Samuel Ting thiab Barton Richter, twb dhau los lawm.tau txais lawv qhov khoom plig Nobel rau ob xyoos: qhov kev tshwm sim no tau tshwm sim hauv ntau cov ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem pom qee yam ntawm lawv hauv thawj yog tias koj mus ntsib New York Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Natural Science. Quarks, raws li peb tau hais lawm, yog qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb heev ntawm peb lub sijhawm, thiab yog li ntawd ntau qhov kev saib xyuas tau them rau lawv hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb.
kawg sib cav
Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1976 uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom ib qho me me uas tsis yog xoom, qhov nruab nrab D-meson. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ib qho ntxim nyiam quark thiab u-antiquark. Ntawm no, txawm tias hardened tw ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm quarks raug yuam kom lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev xav, thawj zaug tau hais ntau tshaj ob xyoo dhau los. Ib tus kws tshawb fawb theoretical nto moo tshaj plaws, John Ellis, hu ua kev ntxim nyiam "lub zog uas tig lub ntiaj teb ib ncig."
Tsis ntev cov npe ntawm cov kev tshawb pom tshiab suav nrog ib khub ntawm cov quarks loj heev, sab saum toj thiab hauv qab, uas tuaj yeem yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog SU(3) systematization twb tau txais nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tham txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm lub npe hu ua tetraquarks, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb twb tau hu ua "hadron molecules."
Qee qhov xaus thiab xaus
Koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias qhov kev tshawb pom thiab kev tshawb fawb pom tseeb rau lub neej ntawm quarks tuaj yeem raug suav tias yog kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Nws tuaj yeem suav tias yog xyoo 1947 (hauv txoj cai, 1943) yog qhov pib, thiab nws qhov kawg poob rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm thawj "enchanted" meson. Nws hloov tawm tias lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom zaum kawg ntawm qib no mus rau hnub tim, tsis tsawg, ntau npaum li 29 xyoo (lossis txawm tias 32 xyoo)! Thiab tag nrho cov nolub sij hawm tau siv tsis yog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav tau lub quark! Raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub qab ntuj khwb, gluon plasma sai sai tau txais kev nyiam ntau dua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nyuaj ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm kev kawm dhau los, nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tiag tiag. Raws li cov hais peb tab tom tham, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no. Los ntawm kev kawm cov qauv ntawm quarks, ib tug neeg yuav muaj peev xwm nkag mus tob rau hauv cov secrets ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias tsuas yog tom qab kev kawm tiav ntawm lawv yuav peb tuaj yeem tshawb pom tias qhov loj bang tshwm sim li cas thiab raws li txoj cai lij choj uas peb lub Ntiaj Teb txhim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog lawv qhov kev tshawb pom uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom ntseeg tau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom tias qhov tseeb nyob ib puag ncig peb yog qhov nyuaj dua li cov tswv yim qub.
Yog li koj tau kawm tias quark yog dab tsi. Cov kab no nyob rau ib zaug ua rau nrov nrov hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb, thiab niaj hnub no cov kws tshawb fawb tau muaj kev cia siab thaum kawg nthuav tawm tag nrho nws cov lus zais.
