Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog xws li lub tswv yim hais lus li "clericalism". Piv txwv li, cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab thaj tsam ntawm qhov tshwm sim kev hais lus no yuav raug txiav txim siab los ntawm peb tshwj xeeb.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, clericalisms belongs rau xws li ib pab pawg neeg li hais lus stamps. Yog li ntawd, cia peb nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi.
Yuav ua li cas yog cov ntawv xov xwm
Cia peb pib los ntawm saib qhov yuam kev ntau tshaj plaws uas tau ua rau hauv kev sau ntawv thiab hauv kev sib txuas lus.
Cov ntawv cim thiab cov ntawv sau (piv txwv uas yuav nthuav tawm hauv qab no) muaj feem cuam tshuam zoo. Ntau precisely, lub linguistic phenomenon peb tab tom xav txog yog ib yam ntawm cov cliches (lub tswvyim no npe xws li cov lus thiab kab lus uas feem ntau siv, vim hais tias lawv tau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus). Yog li ntawd, xws li kev tsim kho tsuas yog overload tus neeg hais lus cov lus thiab suav tias yog rov ua dua.
Stamps yog cov lus thiab kab lus feem ntau siv hauv kev hais lus. Feem ntau xws li linguistic phenomena tsis muaj qhov tseeb. Piv txwv li, cov kab lus "lub rooj sib tham tau tuav nyob rau theem siab tshaj" yog siv tsis yog muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog qhov kev tshwm sim.
Dab tsi yog clericalism nyob rau hauvhauv Russian? Piv txwv
Hauv Lavxias muaj ntau cov lus, kev siv uas suav hais tias tsim nyog tsuas yog hauv cov lus tshwj xeeb. Cov lus no muaj xws li clericalism. Lub sij hawm no yog siv los hu cov lus, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov ntawv, nrog rau cov kab lus, kev siv uas raug kho nyob rau hauv cov lus sau rau kev lag luam style. Piv txwv li: thov, yuav tsum, kev ua haujlwm tsis ua raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom tau nyiaj, tswj kev tawm dag zog, thiab lwm yam.
Signs of clericalism
Tam sim no cia peb txhais cov cim ntawm cov lus zoo sib xws thiab xav txog cov piv txwv.
Kev ua nom ua tswv yog cov lus ntawm kev ua lag luam ua lag luam, txawm li cas los xij, dhau li ntawm qhov no, lawv muaj ntau yam lus tseeb. Ntawm lawv yog:
- Kev siv cov lus hais: tsis yog qhov kawg (nyem, tailoring, sijhawm so); suffixes (noj, nthuav tawm, nthuav dav, nrhiav).
- Hloov los ntawm qhov sib xyaw nominal predicate ntawm cov lus qhia yooj yim (predicate splitting). Piv txwv li: qhia kev ntshaw - tsis xav, txiav txim siab - tsis txhob txiav txim siab, muab kev pab - tsis yog kev pab.
- Siv tus lej prepositions. Piv txwv li: nyob rau hauv ib feem, raws kab, nyob rau hauv quab yuam, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv tus nqi, nyob rau hauv cov kev npaj, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub, nyob rau theem.
- Txoj kab mob, feem ntau yog genitive. Piv txwv li, tej yam kev mob uas tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce qib ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cheeb tsam.
- Hloov cov kev hloov pauv nquag nrog cov tsis muaj zog. Piv txwv li, peb teem ib qho active turnover - peb teem ib passive turnover.
Vim li cas peb yuav tsum tsis txhob siv kev tshaj tawm txoj cai?
Charryy thiab hais lus stamps (piv txwv li lees paub qhov no), feem ntau siv hauv kev hais lus, ua rau nws poob nws qhov kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, kev xav, tus kheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov teeb meem hauv qab no tshwm sim:
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke. Piv txwv li: tom qab nag lossis daus nyob rau lub sij hawm luv luv hauv daim ntawv ntawm nag poob, ib zaj sawv ci ntsa iab hla lub reservoir tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob.
- Qhov tsis meej pem tsim los ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "xib fwb cov lus" tuaj yeem nkag siab ob qho tib si li "tus xibfwb lub xeev" thiab "tus xibfwb qhia".
- Verbosity, hnyav ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li: los ntawm kev txhim kho qib kev pabcuam, kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam thiab tsoomfwv cov khw muag khoom yuav tsum nce ntxiv.
Txoj kev ntseeg, cov piv txwv uas peb tau nthuav tawm, tshem tawm kev hais lus ntawm kev ua piv txwv, kev nthuav qhia, thiab kev yaum. Vim hais tias lawv nquag siv cov kab lus nrog erased lexical lub ntsiab lus, tarnished expressiveness.
Feem ntau cov neeg sau xov xwm nyiam siv nyiaj muas. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg sau xov xwm style, xws li kab lus yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj.
Cov lus twg yog hais txog kev coj noj coj ua
Zoo li ntuj tsuas yog hauv kev lag luam hais lus clericalism. Piv txwv ntawm lawv cov kev siv qhia tias feem ntau cov lus no yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev hais lus, uas yog suav hais tias yog ib tug tag nrho stylistic yuam kev. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev saib xyuas zoo li no,koj yuav tsum paub meej tias cov lus twg raug cais raws li kev coj noj coj ua.
Yog li, kev coj noj coj ua tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm:
- Archaic solemnity: npe, saum toj-npe, them, muab qhov no, vim, thov, xws li.
- Tam sim no, clericalisms kuj ua lag luam zoo li: hais lus (lub ntsiab lus sib tham), hnov, kev vam meej, puzzle, tshwj xeeb, kev loj hlob.
- Cov npe tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia nrog cov lus hauv qab no muab cov lus hais ua lag luam xim xim: -ut, -at, -ani, -eni: pib, noj, nrhiav; tsis muaj hnub kawg: hnub so, tub sab nyiag, tailoring, ntiav, saib xyuas; cov lus nrog prefixes under-, non-: non-nrhiav, non-nrhiav, under-fulfilled, non-admission.
- Ntxiv rau, ntau lub npe, koom nrog, adverbs, linking verbs thiab adjectives yog nruj me ntsis cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam sphere ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Piv txwv li: tog, tus neeg siv khoom, tus neeg siv khoom, tus thawj tswj hwm, tus tswv, tus neeg, tshaj tawm, tus neeg raug tsim txom, tsis muaj, tawm, tam sim, pub dawb, ua, ua, ua.
- Ntau lo lus kev pabcuam yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov xim ua lag luam: mus rau qhov chaw nyob, ntawm tus nqi, raws li, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li: raws li daim ntawv cog lus, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov xaus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis kam ua raws li daim ntawv cog lus, raws li kev tshawb fawb, thiab lwm yam.
- Cov kev hloov pauv no suav nrog cov khoom sib xyaw hauv qab no: zaub mov, cov koom haum tub ceev xwm, tsheb, pej xeem kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
Thaum twg tsim nyog siv lo lus "clericalism"
Chancery (piv txwv ntawm cov lus uas peb tau tham hauv cov lus qhia saum toj no), raws li cov cai ntawm cov lus sau, yuav tsum siv rau hauv kev ua lag luam nkaus xwb. Tom qab ntawd cov lus no tsis sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.
Lo lus zoo tib yam "clericalism" yog tsim nyog siv tsuas yog thaum cov lus thiab kab lus no siv rau lwm tus tus yam ntxwv. Tom qab ntawd cov lus tau txais ib qho kev qhia tsis meej, tus cwj pwm bureaucratic, poob nws txoj kev xav, kev muaj sia nyob, naturalness thiab simplicity.
Txiv kab ntxwv raws li cov khoom siv stylistic
Tab sis txoj kev ntseeg tsis yog ib txwm ua los ntawm kev hais lus tsis txaus. Piv txwv los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab qhia tau hais tias xws li cov lus thiab kab lus yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug stylistic ntaus ntawv. Piv txwv li, rau tus cwj pwm hais lus ntawm tus phab ej.
Cov neeg sau ntawv feem ntau siv cov lus qhuab qhia los tsim kev lom zem. Piv txwv li, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, S altykov-Shchedrin, Ilf thiab Petrov. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv S altykov-Shchedrin - "… nws yog txwv tsis pub mus khawb qhov muag, tshem tawm lub taub hau, tom lub qhov ntswg"; Chekhov - "kev tua tshwm sim vim kev poob dej."
Chancellorisms (peb tshuaj xyuas cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus hauv qee qhov kev nthuav dav) hauv Russia tau mus txog qhov loj tshaj plaws faib thaum lub sij hawm stagnation, thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv txhua qhov kev hais lus, suav nrog txawm tias lub neej niaj hnub. Qhov piv txwv no ib zaug lees paub lub tswv yim hais tias cov lus yog ib qho kev xav txog txhua yam kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws thiab tib neeg.
