Qee qhov chaw hais tias keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress pib ib puas xyoo ua ntej nws txoj kev ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo 1941. Qhov no yog qee qhov tsis tseeb. Lub fortress muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev. Kev tsim kho tiav ntawm lub tsev medieval citadel hauv lub nroog Berestye (lub npe keeb kwm ntawm Brest) pib xyoo 1836 thiab kav ntev li 6 xyoo.
Tam sim tom qab hluav taws kub xyoo 1835, tsoomfwv tsarist tau txiav txim siab hloov kho lub fortress kom muab nws cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws tseem ceeb yav tom ntej.
Medieval Brest
Lub fortress tau rov qab los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, hais txog nws muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Tale ntawm Bygone Xyoo, qhov twg cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia txog ntu ntawm kev tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv ntawm ob tug huab tais loj - Svyatopolk thiab Yaroslav.
Muaj qhov chaw zoo heev - ntawm lub qhov taub ntawm ob tus dej, Western Kab thiab Mukhavets, Berestye tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub khw loj.
Nyob rau thaum ub, cov dej ntws yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam. Thiab ntawm no, ntau npaum li ob txoj kev dej ua rau nws txav tau cov khoom ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rausab hnub poob thiab vice versa. Nws muaj peev xwm taug kev raws kab laum mus rau Poland, Lithuania thiab Europe, thiab raws Mukhavets, dhau ntawm Pripyat thiab Dnieper, mus rau Dub hiav txwv steppes thiab Middle East.
Ib tug tsuas tuaj yeem twv seb qhov zoo nkauj npaum li cas ntawm Brest Fortress medieval. Cov duab ntawm cov duab kos thiab kos duab ntawm lub fortress ntawm lub sij hawm thaum ntxov yog tsawg heev, nws muaj peev xwm mus ntsib lawv tsuas yog raws li lub tsev cia puav pheej.
Vim qhov kev hloov pauv tas li ntawm Brest Fortress nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib lossis lwm lub xeev thiab kev npaj ntawm lub nroog hauv nws tus kheej, txoj kev npaj ntawm ob qho chaw tawm thiab kev sib hais haum tau hloov pauv me ntsis. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm, tab sis rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab ib txhiab xyoo Brest Fortress tau tswj hwm nws cov xim qub thiab cov huab cua.
1812. Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub citadel
thaj chaw ciam teb ntawm Brest ib txwm yog qhov laj thawj rau kev tawm tsam rau lub nroog: rau 800 xyoo, keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress tau ntes cov thawj coj ntawm Turov thiab Lithuanian tus thawj tswj hwm, Lub Tebchaws (Poland), thiab tsuas yog Xyoo 1795 Brest tau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm thaj av Lavxias.
Tab sis ua ntej kev txeeb chaw ntawm Napoleon, tsoomfwv Lavxias tsis tau muab qhov tseem ceeb rau lub fortress qub. Tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm Russo-Fabkis Tsov Rog ntawm 1812, Brest Fortress tau lees paub nws cov xwm txheej raws li qhov chaw muaj kev ntseeg siab, uas, raws li cov neeg tau hais, pab nws cov neeg thiab rhuav tshem nws cov yeeb ncuab.
Fab Kis kuj tau txiav txim siab tawm hauv Brest qab, tab sis cov tub rog Lavxias tau rov qab los ntawm lub fortress, yeej ib qho kev yeej tsis muaj cai rau Fabkis.cavalry units.
Kev txiav txim siab keeb kwm
Qhov kev yeej no tau ua qhov pib rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsoomfwv tsarist los tsim lub fortification tshiab thiab muaj zog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub fortress medieval zoo nkauj, sib xws rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sijhawm hauv architectural style thiab kev ua tub rog tseem ceeb.
Thiab dab tsi txog tus phab ej ntawm Brest Fortress thaum lub sijhawm Patriotic War ntawm 1812? Tom qab tag nrho, txhua qhov kev ua tub rog cuam tshuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xav ua kom txaus siab txaus ntshai thiab cov neeg nyiam. Lawv cov npe tseem tsis tau paub txog qhov dav dav ntawm cov pej xeem, tab sis muaj peev xwm tau txais lawv cov khoom plig rau kev ua siab loj los ntawm txhais tes ntawm Emperor Alexander nws tus kheej.
Hluav taws hauv Brest
Qhov hluav taws kub uas ua rau kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub nyob rau xyoo 1835 tau ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Brest Fortress. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov engineers thiab architects tau rhuav tshem cov vaj tsev medieval thiaj li txhim kho hauv lawv qhov chaw tshiab cov qauv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm architectural cwj pwm thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb.
Cov hluav taws tau rhuav tshem txog 300 lub tsev nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb, thiab qhov no, qhov tsis sib xws, tau dhau los ua nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm tsoomfwv tsarist, thiab cov neeg tsim, thiab cov pejxeem hauv lub nroog.
Reconstruction
Tom tau them nyiaj rau cov neeg raug hluav taws kub hauv daim ntawv nyiaj ntsuab thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev, lub xeev tau hais kom lawv tsis nyob hauv lub fortress nws tus kheej, tab sis cais - ob kilometers ntawm lub outpost, yog li muab lub fortress nrog lub fortress. tsuas muaj nuj nqi - tiv thaiv ib leeg.
keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress tsis tau paub txog qhov kev txhim kho loj heev ua ntej: kev sib haum xeeb medieval raug rhuav tshem mus rau hauv av, thiab lub nroog muaj zog nrog cov phab ntsa tuab loj hlob nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw,tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm drawbridges txuas rau peb lub Islands tuaj tsim, nrog cov bastion forts nruab nrog ravelins, nrog lub impregnable kaum-meter lub ntiaj teb rampart, nrog nqaim embrasures uas tso cai rau cov neeg tiv thaiv kom nyob twj ywm raws li kev tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm shelling.
Kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress nyob rau xyoo pua 19
Ntxiv rau cov qauv kev tiv thaiv, uas, tau kawg, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam, tus lej thiab cov tub rog kawm tau zoo ua haujlwm hauv ciam teb fortress kuj tseem ceeb.
Lub tswv yim tiv thaiv ntawm lub citadel tau xav los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev rau cov subtleties. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim li cas ho muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub fortification tseem ceeb rau cov tub rog zoo tib yam lub barracks? Nyob hauv cov chav nrog phab ntsa ob meters tuab, txhua tus ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tau npaj txhij los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem tawm tsam, hais, dhia tawm ntawm txaj - txhua lub sijhawm ntawm hnub.
500 casemates ntawm lub fortress yooj yim haum 12,000 cov tub rog nrog tag nrho cov riam phom thiab khoom siv rau ob peb hnub. Cov barracks tau ua tiav zoo los ntawm qhov muag tsis pom kev uas cov neeg tsis paub pib tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees txog lawv qhov muaj nyob - lawv tau nyob hauv qhov tuab ntawm tib lub kaum-meter earthen rampart.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub fortress yog qhov kev sib txuas tsis sib xws ntawm nws cov qauv: cov tuam tsev protruding npog lub citadel tseem ceeb los ntawm hluav taws, thiab cov phiaj xwm hluav taws tuaj yeem raug rho tawm ntawm cov forts nyob ntawm cov Islands tuaj, tiv thaiv kab pem hauv ntej.
Thaum lub fortress twb muaj lub nplhaib ntawm 9 forts, nws yuav luag invulnerable: txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav haum ib tug tag nrho cov tub roggarrison (uas yog 250 servicemen), ntxiv rau 20 phom.
Brest Fortress hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb
Lub sijhawm nyob ntsiag to ntawm lub xeev ciam teb, Brest tau ua neej nyob ntsuas, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg tau kav ob lub nroog thiab hauv lub fortress, cov kev pabcuam tau ua hauv pawg ntseeg. Muaj ntau lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub fortress - txawm li cas los xij, ib lub tuam tsev tsis tuaj yeem haum cov tub rog coob coob.
Ib qho ntawm cov tuam tsev hauv zos tau rov ua dua rau hauv ib lub tsev rau cov tub ceev xwm cov rooj sib tham thiab tau hu ua White Palace.
Tab sis txawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntsiag to, nws tsis yooj yim kom nkag mus rau hauv lub fortress. Qhov nkag mus rau "lub plawv" ntawm lub citadel muaj plaub lub rooj vag. Peb ntawm lawv, raws li lub cim ntawm lawv impregnability, tau khaws cia los ntawm niaj hnub Brest Fortress. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej pib nrog cov rooj vag qub: Kholmsky, Terespolsky, Northern … Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau raug txib kom ua lub rooj vag mus rau lub vaj kaj siab rau ntau tus neeg tiv thaiv hauv kev tsov rog yav tom ntej.
Khoom siv ntawm lub fortress nyob rau hauv ua ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II
Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv Tebchaws Europe, lub fortress ntawm Brest-Litovsk tseem yog ib lub fortifications txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ciam teb Russia-Polish. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub citadel yog "kom pab txhawb kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab tub rog", uas tsis muaj riam phom thiab khoom siv niaj hnub no.
Tawm ntawm 871 riam phom, tsuas yog 34% ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, lwm yam riam phom tau dhau los. Ntawm cov cannons, cov qauv qub tau yeej, muaj peev xwm tua tau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 3 versts. Lub sijhawm no, muaj peev xwm ua yeeb ncuabmuaj mortars thiab 45-caliber artillery systems.
Nyob rau xyoo 1910, pab tub rog dav hlau ntawm lub fortress tau txais nws thawj lub dav hlau, thiab xyoo 1911, Brest-Litovsk fortress tau nruab nrog nws tus kheej lub xov tooj cua los ntawm txoj cai tshwj xeeb.
Thawj Tsov Rog Xyoo 20th
Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib tau ntes Brest Fortress hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj - kev tsim kho. Txaus siab rau cov neeg zej zog los ntawm cov zos nyob ze thiab nyob deb tau koom tes ua cov forts ntxiv.
Lub fortress yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo kawg nkaus yog tias kev hloov pauv tub rog tsis tau tawg rau hnub ua ntej, vim tias cov tub rog tau tawg, thiab lub chaw tawm tsam poob nws qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, tsuas yog cov tub rog tseem nyob hauv Brest-Litovsk fortress, uas, thaum lub sijhawm khiav tawm, raug yuam kom hlawv lub zog thiab niaj hnub tshaj plaws ntawm cov tawm tsam.
Tab sis qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsov rog thawj zaug ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th rau lub fortress tsis txuas nrog kev ua tub rog - Brest kev sib haum xeeb cog lus tau kos npe rau hauv nws phab ntsa.
Monuments ntawm Brest Fortress muaj qhov sib txawv thiab tus cwj pwm, thiab qhov kev cog lus no, tseem ceeb rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tseem yog ib qho ntawm lawv.
Yuav ua li cas cov neeg paub txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Brest
Cov neeg niaj hnub feem ntau paub txog Brest Citadel los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm thawj hnub ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees qhov kev tawm tsam tsis zoo rau lub tebchaws Soviet. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, nws tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem los ntawm cov neeg German lawv tus kheej hauv txoj kev npaj txhij txog tag nrho: qhia txog kev qhuas txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Brest hauv cov ntawv teev npe ntawm tus kheej, tom qab pom thiab luam tawm los ntawm cov tub rog sau xov xwm.
Qhov notshwm sim xyoo 1943-1944. Txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub nroog tsis paub meej rau cov neeg tuaj saib dav, thiab tus phab ej ntawm Brest Fortress uas tau muaj sia nyob hauv "nqaij grinder", raws li cov tub rog siab tshaj plaws, tau suav tias yog cov neeg raug kaw ntawm kev ua tsov rog uas tau tso siab rau cov yeeb ncuab. tawm ntawm kev dag ntxias.
Cov ntaub ntawv hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv zos tau nce siab hauv lub nroog thaum Lub Xya Hli, thiab txawm tias lub Yim Hli 1941, tseem tsis tau ua pej xeem tam sim ntawd. Tab sis, tam sim no cov neeg keeb kwm tuaj yeem hais meej: Brest Fortress, uas cov yeeb ncuab xav tias yuav siv sijhawm 8 teev, tau tuav ntev heev.
Hnub Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej Pib: Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941
Ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog, uas tsis tau xav txog, Brest Fortress saib tsis muaj kev hem thawj: lub qub av rampart tau poob, overgrown nrog nyom, paj thiab cov chaw ua si ntawm thaj chaw. Thaum lub Rau Hli Ntuj, cov tub ceev xwm tseem ceeb uas nyob hauv lub fortress tau tso tseg thiab mus rau qhov chaw cob qhia lub caij ntuj sov.
Hnub hmo ntawm Lub Rau Hli 22, cov chaw tawm tsam tau xyaum tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.
Keeb kwm ntawm Brest Fortress rau tag nrho ib-paus xyoo yeej tsis tau paub xws li treachery: lub predawn teev ntawm ib tug luv luv lub caij ntuj sov hmo ntuj tau dhau los ua ib tug kiag li ntuj raug txim rau nws inhabitants. Mam li nco dheev, tawm ntawm qhov tsis pom qhov twg, cov hluav taws kub nyhiab tau qhib rau ntawm lub fortress, ua rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv nws xav tsis thoob, thiab 17,000 tus neeg tsis ncaj ncees "cov phooj ywg" los ntawm Wehrmacht tawg mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm.
Tab sis tsis muaj ntshav, lossis ntshai, lossis kev tuag ntawm cov phooj ywg tuaj yeem tawg thiab nres cov neeg tiv thaiv tus phab ej ntawm Brest. Lawv tau tawm tsam rau yim hnub raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai. Thiab ob lub hlis ntxivunofficial.
Lub Brest Fortress tsis tso tseg yooj yim thiab tsis nrawm. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm 1941 tau dhau los ua ib qho cim ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua tsov ua rog ntxiv thiab qhia cov yeeb ncuab qhov kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm nws cov lus txias thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam, uas tau swb los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsis zoo ntawm cov tub rog tsis zoo, tab sis mob siab rau kev hlub rau leej txiv ntawm Slavs.
Tswv Pob Zeb
Brest Fortress ntsiag to qw txog tam sim no yog dab tsi? Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau khaws cia ntau yam khoom pov thawj thiab pob zeb uas koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov neeg tiv thaiv. Cov kab lus luv luv hauv ib lossis ob kab raug coj mus rau nrawm, kov cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua tiam neeg los kua muag, txawm hais tias lawv suab tsis zoo, txiv neej qhuav qhuav thiab ua lag luam.
Muscovites: Ivanov, Stepanchikov thiab Zhuntyaev chronicled lub sijhawm txaus ntshai - nrog tus ntsia hlau rau ntawm pob zeb, nrog kua muag hauv lub siab. Ob tug ntawm lawv tau tuag, cov uas tseem tshuav Ivanov kuj paub tias nws tsis muaj sij hawm ntau lawm, nws tau cog lus tias: Qhov kawg grenade tseem nyob. Kuv yuav tsis tso tseg txoj sia,” thiab tam sim ntawd nug: “Cua pauj rau peb, cov phooj ywg.”
Ntawm cov pov thawj uas lub fortress tuav tau ntau tshaj yim hnub, muaj hnub tim ntawm lub pob zeb: Lub Xya hli ntuj 20, 1941 - qhov txawv tshaj plaws ntawm lawv.
Txhawm rau nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus phab ej thiab lub zog ntawm lub fortress tiv thaiv rau tag nrho lub tebchaws, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov chaw thiab hnub tim: Brest Fortress, 1941.
Thawj thawj zaug tom qab txoj haujlwm, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Soviet Union (tswj thiab los ntawm cov neeg) tuaj yeem nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress hauv xyoo 1943. Tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm excerpts los ntawm phau ntawv teev cov tub rog German thiabtub ceev xwm.
Ua ntej ntawd, Brest yog ib zaj dab neeg dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj ntawm txhua sab pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab. Txhawm rau muab cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb, kom nres txhua yam kev tsis tseeb (txawm tias muaj qhov zoo) thiab txhawm rau ntes qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Brest Fortress mus txog ntau pua xyoo, nws tau txiav txim siab rov muab faib rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob ua kev nco txog.
Kev ua raws li lub tswv yim tau tshwm sim ntau xyoo tom qab tsov rog kawg - xyoo 1971. Ruins, burnt thiab shelled phab ntsa - tag nrho cov no tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm qhov nthuav tawm. Cov tsev raug mob yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab ua qhov lus tim khawv tseem ceeb rau kev ua siab loj ntawm lawv cov neeg tiv thaiv.
Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, Brest Fortress memorial tau txais ntau lub ntsiab lus thematic thiab obelisks ntawm keeb kwm tom qab, uas sib haum xeeb haum rau hauv thawj pawg ntawm lub fortress-tsev cia puav pheej thiab hais txog qhov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv cov phab ntsa nrog. lawv txoj kev nruj thiab kev ncaj ncees.
Brest Fortress hauv Cov Ntawv Sau
Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab txawm tias ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg txog Brest Fortress yog phau ntawv los ntawm S. S. Smirnov. Tau ntsib nrog cov neeg ua pov thawj thiab cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog, tus sau tau txiav txim siab los kho kev ncaj ncees thiab ntxuav cov npe ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tiag tiag uas tau raug liam los ntawm tsoomfwv thaum ntawd los ntawm kev raug kaw hauv German.
Thiab nws tau ua tiav, txawm tias lub sijhawm tsis yog kev ywj pheej tshaj plaws - nruab nrab ntawm 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.
Phau ntawv "Brest Fortress" tau pab ntau tus neeg kom rov qab los ua lub neej zoo, tsis txhob saib tsis taus los ntawm cov phooj ywg. Cov duab ntawm qee cov neeg muaj hmoo nodav tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv xovxwm, cov npe nrov nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua. Txawm tias muaj ntau lub xov tooj cua tshaj tawm, tau mob siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Brest ruaj khov.
Smirnov txoj haujlwm tau dhau los ua txoj haujlwm txuag nrog uas, zoo li tus neeg ua yeeb yam mythological, lwm tus phab ej tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg - cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm Brest, ntiag tug thiab cov thawj coj. Ntawm lawv: Major Gavrilov, Commissar Fomin, Lieutenant Semenenko, Captain Zubachev.
Lub Brest Fortress yog ib qho chaw rau lub siab tawv thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm cov neeg, zoo nkauj heev thiab cov khoom siv. Ntau cov lus dab neeg tsis meej txog nws cov neeg tiv thaiv tsis ntshai tseem nyob hauv cov neeg. Peb paub lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab suab paj nruag, tej zaum peb ntsib lawv nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg.
Thiab ua neej nyob cov lus dab neeg no tau ntau pua xyoo, vim tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Brest Fortress tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov hauv 21st, thiab 22nd, thiab tom ntej centuries.
