Lub xyoo pua 21st yog lub xyoo pua ntawm xov tooj cua electronics, lub atom, qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav thiab ultrasound. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm ultrasound yog cov hluas niaj hnub no. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, P. N. Lebedev, ib tug Lavxias teb sab physiologist, ua nws thawj cov kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau pib kawm ultrasound.
YUltrasound yog dab tsi?
Ultrasound yog ib qho propagating undulating oscillatory motion uas cov khoom ntawm nruab nrab ua. Nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, nyob rau hauv uas nws txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm lub audible ntau yam. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom tau txais cov hluav taws xob ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub ultrasonic ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsom zoo, thiab vim li ntawd, qhov kev siv ntawm cov oscillations tau nce. Thaum propagating nyob rau hauv khib nyiab, kua thiab gases, ultrasound ua rau nthuav phenomena uas tau pom cov tswv yim siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm technology thiab science. Qhov no yog dab tsi ultrasound yog, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm uas nyob rau hauv ntau yam spheres ntawm lub neej niaj hnub no yog heev loj.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ultrasound hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab xyaum
Ultrasound hauv xyoo tas los no pib ua si hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawblub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb zuj zus. Kev sim thiab theoretical kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm acoustic flows thiab ultrasonic cavitation tau ua tiav tiav, uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas tshwm sim thaum raug ultrasound hauv cov kua theem. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev kawm ntau yam tshwm sim hauv kev paub xws li physics. Ultrasound yog siv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv semiconductor thiab lub xeev physics. Niaj hnub no, ib ceg ntawm chemistry tau tsim, hu ua "ultrasonic chemistry". Nws daim ntawv thov tso cai kom nrawm ntau cov txheej txheem chemical-technological. Molecular acoustics kuj tau yug los - ib ceg tshiab ntawm acoustics uas kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam molecular ntawm lub suab tsis muaj teeb meem. Cov cheeb tsam tshiab ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm ultrasound tau tshwm sim: holography, introscopy, acoustoelectronics, ultrasonic theem ntsuas, quantum acoustics.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev sim thiab kev ua haujlwm theoretical hauv cheeb tsam no, ntau txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav niaj hnub no. Cov tshuab ultrasonic tshwj xeeb thiab thoob ntiaj teb, kev teeb tsa uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov muaj zog zoo li qub, thiab lwm yam tau tsim. Tsis siv neeg ultrasonic kev teeb tsa suav nrog hauv cov kab ntau lawm tau nkag mus rau hauv ntau lawm, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom tsim tau zoo.
Ntau txog ultrasound
Cia peb tham ntxiv txog qhov ultrasound yog dab tsi. Peb twb tau hais tias cov no yog elastic nthwv dej thiab oscillations. Qhov zaus ntawm ultrasound yog ntau tshaj 15-20 kHz. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb lub rooj sib hais txiav txim siab qis qis ntawm ultrasonic zaus, uascais nws los ntawm qhov zaus ntawm lub suab nrov. Qhov ciam teb no, yog li ntawd, yog qhov xwm txheej, thiab peb txhua tus sib txawv txhais tau tias ultrasound yog dab tsi. Lub sab sauv txwv yog qhia los ntawm elastic nthwv dej, lawv lub cev yam. Lawv nthuav tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom nruab nrab, uas yog, lub wavelength yuav tsum muaj ntau dua li qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev dawb ntawm cov molecules tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov pa roj los yog interatomic nrug nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab thiab kua. Thaum lub siab ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv cov pa roj, qhov txwv siab tshaj ntawm ultrasonic zaus yog 10 9 Hz, thiab hauv cov khib nyiab thiab kua - 10 12 -10 13 Hz.
Ultrasonic sources
Ultrasound muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ob qho tib si los ntawm ntau lub suab nrov (dej, cua, nag, pebbles dov los ntawm nthwv dej, nrog rau cov suab nrog thunderstorms, thiab lwm yam), thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tsiaj ntiaj teb. Qee hom tsiaj siv nws rau kev taw qhia hauv qhov chaw, nrhiav kom pom cov teeb meem. Nws tseem paub tias ntses taub ntswg ntev siv ultrasound hauv qhov xwm txheej (feem ntau zaus ntawm 80 txog 100 kHz). Hauv qhov no, lub zog ntawm qhov chaw teeb liab tawm los ntawm lawv tuaj yeem loj heev. Dolphins paub tias muaj peev xwm ntes cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ntses mus txog ib mais deb.
Emitters (qhov chaw) ntawm ultrasound muab faib ua 2 pawg loj. Thawj yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv uas oscillations zoo siab vim muaj cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lawv ntsia nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ib tug tas li ntws - ib tug dav hlau ntawm cov kua los yog roj. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv uas qhov chaw ultrasound tuaj yeem ua ke yogelectro-acoustic transducers uas hloov pauv qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov tam sim no lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob mus rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua los ntawm lub cev muaj zog uas radiates acoustic nthwv dej rau hauv ib puag ncig.
Ultrasound txais
Ntawm nruab nrab thiab qis zaus, ultrasonic receivers feem ntau yog piezoelectric hom electroacoustic transducers. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv ntawm cov teeb liab tau txais acoustic, sawv cev raws li lub sijhawm nyob ntawm lub suab siab. Cov khoom siv tuaj yeem yog broadband lossis resonant, nyob ntawm cov ntawv thov uas lawv tau npaj rau. Thermal receivers yog siv kom tau lub sij hawm nruab nrab suab thaj yam ntxwv. Lawv yog cov thermistor lossis cov thermocouples coated nrog cov khoom siv suab nrov. Lub suab siab thiab siv zog kuj tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm txoj kev kho qhov muag, xws li kev sib txawv ntawm lub teeb los ntawm ultrasound.
ultrasound siv qhov twg?
Muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm nws daim ntawv thov, thaum siv cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm ultrasound. Cov cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb thaj chaw. Thawj ntawm lawv yog txuas nrog tau txais ntau yam ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev siv ultrasonic tsis. Qhov thib ob kev taw qhia yog nws cov nquag nquag nquag ntawm cov khoom. Thiab qhov thib peb yog txuas nrog kev sib kis thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov teeb liab. Teb Chaws Asmeskas ntawm ib qhov ntau zaus yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub. Peb yuav npog tsuas yog ob peb ntawm ntau qhov chaw uas nws tau pom nws txoj hauv kev.
Ultrasonic tu
Qhov zoo ntawm kev ntxuav no tsis tuaj yeem piv nrog lwm txoj hauv kev. Thaum yaug qhov chaw, piv txwv li, txog li 80% ntawm cov kab mob tseem nyob ntawm lawv qhov chaw, txog 55% - nrog kev co tu, txog 20% - nrog kev tu, thiab nrog kev tu ultrasonic, tsis pub ntau tshaj 0.5% ntawm cov khoom paug. Cov ntsiab lus uas muaj cov duab zoo tuaj yeem ntxuav tau zoo tsuas yog nrog kev pab ntawm ultrasound. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev siv yog kev tsim khoom siab, nrog rau cov nqi qis ntawm kev siv lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem hloov cov kuab tshuaj uas kim thiab flammable organic uas pheej yig thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb aqueous daws, siv kua freon, thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho teeb meem loj yog huab cua muaj kuab paug nrog cov pa taws, pa taws, plua plav, hlau oxides, thiab lwm yam. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov txheej txheem ultrasonic ntxuav cov pa thiab cov pa hauv cov pa hluav taws xob, tsis hais qhov chaw nruab nrab thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Yog hais tias ib qho ultrasonic emitter muab tso rau hauv cov plua plav teeb chamber, nws efficiency yuav nce ntau pua zaus. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom huv zoo li no? Plua plav hais tias txav randomly nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sib ntaus sib tua muaj zog thiab ntau zaus nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm ultrasonic vibrations. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv qhov loj me nce vim qhov tseeb tias lawv sib koom ua ke. Coagulation yog txheej txheem ntawm particle o. Cov ntxaij lim dej tshwj xeeb ntes lawv cov hnyav thiab cov pawg loj.
Machining brittle thiab super hard material
Yog tias koj nkag mus ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej siv ultrasound, cov khoom siv abrasive, ces cov khoom abrasive thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwmemitter yuav cuam tshuam rau ntawm qhov chaw no. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom raug rhuav tshem thiab tshem tawm, raug rau kev ua haujlwm raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau yam kev cuam tshuam micro-kev cuam tshuam. Lub kinematics ntawm kev ua yog lub ntsiab txav - txiav, uas yog, longitudinal vibrations ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej, thiab cov koom haum - pub mov txav uas lub tshuab ua.
Ultrasound tuaj yeem ua ntau txoj haujlwm. Rau abrasive nplej, qhov chaw ntawm lub zog yog longitudinal vibrations. Lawv rhuav tshem cov khoom ua tiav. Lub zog pub (cov koom haum pab) tuaj yeem yog ncig, hla thiab longitudinal. Ultrasonic ua yog ntau leej. Nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov abrasive, nws txawv ntawm 50 mus rau 1 micron. Siv cov cuab yeej ntawm ntau yam duab, koj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog qhov, tab sis kuj nyuaj txiav, nkhaus axes, engraving, grind, ua matrices thiab txawm laum lub pob zeb diamond. Cov ntaub ntawv siv los ua abrasive - corundum, pob zeb diamond, quartz xuab zeb, flint.
Ultrasound hauv xov tooj cua electronics
Ultrasound hauv thev naus laus zis feem ntau siv hauv xov tooj cua hluav taws xob. Hauv cheeb tsam no, nws feem ntau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog los ncua lub teeb liab hluav taws xob txheeb ze rau lwm tus. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo los ntawm kev qhia txog kev siv cov kab ultrasonic ncua sij hawm (LZ luv luv). Lawv qhov kev txiav txim yog raws li qhov tseeb tias hluav taws xob impulses hloov mus rau hauv ultrasonic mechanical vibrations. Nws tshwm sim li cas? Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov ceev ntawm ultrasound yog ho tsawg dua qhov uas tsim los ntawm electromagnetic oscillations. mem tesvoltage tom qab rov qab hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob mechanical vibrations yuav ncua sij hawm ntawm cov zis ntawm cov kab txheeb ze rau cov input mem tes.
Piezoelectric thiab magnetostrictive transducers yog siv los hloov hluav taws xob vibrations rau hauv tshuab thiab rov ua dua. LZ, feem, muab faib ua piezoelectric thiab magnetostrictive.
Ultrasound hauv tshuaj
Ntau hom ultrasound yog siv los cuam tshuam cov kab mob nyob. Hauv kev xyaum kho mob, nws siv tam sim no nrov heev. Nws yog raws li cov teebmeem uas tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lom thaum ultrasound dhau los ntawm lawv. Cov nthwv dej ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab, uas tsim ib hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg micromassage. Thiab qhov nqus ntawm ultrasound ua rau lawv cov cua sov hauv zos. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov kev hloov pauv physicochemical tshwm sim hauv cov xov xwm lom neeg. Cov phenomena no tsis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj irreversible nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nruab nrab suab siv. Lawv tsuas yog txhim kho cov metabolism, thiab yog li pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev raug rau lawv. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau siv hauv kev kho mob ultrasound.
Ultrasound hauv kev phais
Cavitation thiab muaj zog cua sov ntawm kev siv siab ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg puas. Cov nyhuv no yog siv niaj hnub no hauv kev phais. Kev tsom xam ultrasound yog siv rau kev phais, uas tso cai rau kev puas tsuaj hauv zos hauv cov qauv sib sib zog nqus (piv txwv li, lub hlwb), yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig. Ultrasound kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev phaiscov cuab yeej uas ua haujlwm kawg zoo li cov ntaub ntawv, scalpel, koob. Cov kev vibrations rau lawv muab cov zoo tshiab rau cov cuab yeej no. Lub zog yuav tsum tau txo qis, yog li ntawd, qhov kev raug mob ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug txo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nyhuv analgesic thiab hemostatic tshwm sim. Kev cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej blunt siv ultrasound yog siv los rhuav tshem qee hom neoplasms uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub cev.
Kev cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub so ntswg lom yog ua kom puas cov kab mob thiab siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj tshuaj thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub cev hauv nruab nrog
Feem ntau peb tab tom tham txog kev kawm txog kab mob plab. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ib tug tshwj xeeb apparatus yog siv. Ultrasound tuaj yeem siv los nrhiav thiab paub txog ntau yam ntaub so ntswg thiab anatomical anomalies. Qhov kev sib tw feem ntau yog raws li hauv qab no: kev mob qog noj ntshav yog xav tias yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm qhov mob hnyav lossis kis kab mob.
Ultrasound muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tshuaj xyuas lub siab thiab rau lwm yam dej num, uas suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav cov kev cuam tshuam thiab cov kab mob ntawm cov ducts, nrog rau kev kuaj lub gallbladder txhawm rau kuaj pom muaj pob zeb thiab lwm yam pathologies hauv nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kuaj mob cirrhosis thiab lwm yam kab mob sib kis ntawm lub siab tuaj yeem siv tau.
Nyob rau hauv gynecology, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam ntawm zes qe menyuam thiab uterus, siv ultrasound yog ntev.lub ntsiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntse. Feem ntau, qhov sib txawv ntawm benign thiab malignant formations kuj xav tau ntawm no, uas feem ntau xav tau qhov sib txawv zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev daws teeb meem spatial. Cov lus xaus zoo sib xws tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev kawm txog ntau lwm yam kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev.
Kev siv ultrasound hauv kev kho hniav
Ultrasound kuj pom nws txoj hauv kev kho hniav, qhov twg nws yog siv los tshem tawm cov tartar. Nws tso cai rau koj kom sai, tsis muaj ntshav thiab tsis mob tshem cov quav hniav thiab pob zeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub qhov ncauj mucosa tsis raug mob, thiab "pockets" ntawm kab noj hniav yog tshuaj tua kab mob. Es tsis txhob mob, tus neeg mob tau txais kev sov siab.
