Nyob rau xyoo 1861, qhov tsis ntev los no tau tsim lub cev txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm tshuaj - spectral tsom xam - ib zaug ntxiv qhia nws lub zog thiab kev ntseeg siab, raws li kev lees paub ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Nrog nws cov kev pab, qhov thib ob yav tas los tsis paub tshuaj keeb kwm, rubidium, tau tshawb pom. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm txoj cai lij choj nyob rau xyoo 1869 los ntawm D. I. Mendeleev, rubidium, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus, coj nws qhov chaw hauv lub rooj, uas coj kev txiav txim rau kev tshawb fawb tshuaj.
Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv ntawm rubidium tau pom tias cov khoom no muaj ntau yam zoo nkauj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig. Peb yuav xav txog ntawm no cov yam ntxwv thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg
Rubidium muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 37, uas yog, hauv nws cov atoms, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nuclei suav nrog cov lej zoo li no - protons. Raws lilub atom nruab nrab muaj 37 electrons.
Element symbol - Rb. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, rubidium yog cais raws li ib feem ntawm pab pawg neeg I, lub sij hawm yog thib tsib (nyob rau hauv lub luv luv-lub sij hawm version ntawm lub rooj, nws belongs rau lub ntsiab subgroup ntawm pab pawg neeg I thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib rau kab). Nws yog ib qho alkali hlau, yog mos, heev fusible, silver-white crystalline khoom.
Discovery keeb kwm
Kev hwm ntawm kev tshawb pom cov tshuaj lom neeg rubidium yog los ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb German - kws tshuaj Robert Bunsen thiab tus kws kho mob Gustav Kirchhoff, tus kws sau ntawv ntawm spectroscopic txoj kev kawm txog cov teeb meem. Tom qab siv cov spectral tsom xam coj mus rau lub discovery ntawm cesium nyob rau hauv 1860, cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, thiab lub xyoo tom ntej, thaum kawm cov spectrum ntawm cov ntxhia lepidolite, lawv nrhiav tau ob unidentified tsaus liab kab. Nws yog ua tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov kab muaj zog tshaj plaws, los ntawm qhov uas nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj lub neej yav dhau los tsis paub, uas nws tau txais nws lub npe: lo lus rubidus tau txhais los ntawm Latin li "crimson, tsaus liab."
Hauv xyoo 1863, Bunsen yog thawj zaug cais cov hlau rubidium los ntawm cov dej hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los ntawm evaporating ntau cov tshuaj, sib cais cov poov tshuaj, cesium thiab rubidium ntsev, thiab thaum kawg txo cov hlau siv cov hmoov av. Tom qab ntawd, N. Beketov tau tswj kom rov qab rubidium los ntawm nws cov hydroxide siv txhuas hmoov.
Lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsiab
Rubidium yog lub teeb hlau, nws muajceev 1.53g/cm3 (ntawm xoom kub). Ua cov crystals nrog lub cubic lub cev-centered lattice. Rubidium melts ntawm tsuas yog 39 ° C, uas yog, ntawm chav tsev kub, nws qhov sib xws twb ze rau pasty. Cov hlau boils ntawm 687 ° C thiab nws cov vapors yog ntsuab-xiav.
Rubidium yog ib qho paramagnet. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm conductivity, nws yog ntau tshaj 8 lub sij hawm superior rau mercury ntawm 0 ° C thiab yuav luag li ntau zaus inferior rau nyiaj. Zoo li lwm yam alkali hlau, rubidium muaj qhov cuam tshuam photoelectric tsawg heev. Txhawm rau ua kom lub photocurrent nyob rau hauv nws, qhov ntev wavelength (uas yog, tsawg zaus thiab nqa lub zog tsawg) lub teeb liab liab txaus. Hauv qhov kev hwm no, tsuas yog cesium surpasses nws nyob rau hauv rhiab heev.
Isotopes
Rubidium muaj qhov hnyav atomic ntawm 85.468. Nws tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ob isotopes uas txawv ntawm cov neutrons hauv cov nucleus: rubidium-85 ua rau qhov loj tshaj plaws (72.2%), thiab hauv ib qho ntau me me - 27.8% - rubidium-87. Lub nuclei ntawm lawv cov atoms, ntxiv rau 37 protons, muaj 48 thiab 50 neutrons, feem. Lub sib zog isotope ruaj khov, thaum rubidium-87 muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 49 billion xyoo.
Tam sim no, ntau ntau lub xov tooj cua isotopes ntawm cov tshuaj no tau tsim khoom: los ntawm ultralight rubidium-71 mus rau rubidium-102 overloaded nrog neutrons. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cov isotopes tsim los ntawm ob peb lub hlis mus rau 30 nanoseconds.
Basic chemical properties
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg, rubidium (xws li sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium thiab francium) belongs rau alkali hlau. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov hluav taws xob configuration ntawm lawv cov atoms, uas txiav txim siab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog muaj tsuas yog ib tug electron nyob rau sab nraud zog. Cov hluav taws xob no yooj yim tawm ntawm lub atom, thiab cov hlau ion tib lub sijhawm tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv inert nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Rau rubidium, qhov no yog krypton configuration.
Yog li, rubidium, zoo li lwm yam alkali hlau, tau hais tias txo cov khoom thiab lub xeev oxidation ntawm +1. Cov khoom alkaline tau tshaj tawm nrog qhov hnyav ntawm atomic, txij li lub vojvoog ntawm lub atom kuj nce ntxiv, thiab, raws li, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud thiab cov nucleus tsis muaj zog, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv tshuaj lom neeg. Yog li ntawd, rubidium yog nquag tshaj lithium, sodium thiab poov tshuaj, thiab cesium, nyob rau hauv lem, yog nquag tshaj rubidium.
Summing tag nrho cov saum toj no hais txog rubidium, lub caij tuaj yeem parsed, raws li hauv cov duab hauv qab no.
Compounds tsim los ntawm rubidium
Nyob rau hauv huab cua, cov hlau no, vim nws qhov tshwj xeeb reactivity, oxidizes hnyav, nrog ignition (cov nplaim muaj violet-pinkish xim); Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, superoxide thiab rubidium peroxide yog tsim, nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm cov oxidizing muaj zog:
- Rb + O2 → RbO2.
- 2Rb + O2 →Rb2O2.
Oxide yog tsim yog tias nkag tau cov pa oxygen rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txwv:
- 4Rb + O2 → 2Rb2O.
Nov yog cov khoom daj uas ua rau dej, kua qaub thiab kua qaub oxides. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog alkalis yog tsim - rubidium hydroxide, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus - ntsev, piv txwv li, rubidium sulfate Rb2SO4., feem ntau yog soluble.
Txawm tias hnyav dua, nrog rau kev tawg (vim ob qho tib si rubidium thiab cov hydrogen tso tawm tam sim ntawd tawg), cov hlau ua rau dej, uas tsim rubidium hydroxide, qhov sib xyaw ua ke hnyav heev:
- 2Rb + 2H2O → 2RbOH +H2.
Rubidium yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog ntau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau - nrog phosphorus, hydrogen, carbon, silicon, thiab halogens. Rubidium halides - RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI - yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej thiab hauv qee cov organic solvents, xws li ethanol lossis formic acid. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau nrog sulfur (sab nrog sulfur hmoov) tshwm sim tawg thiab ua rau tsim cov sulfide.
Tam sim no kuj muaj cov tsis zoo soluble ntawm rubidium, xws li perchlorate RbClO 4, lawv tau siv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas los txiav txim siab cov tshuaj no.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Rubidium tsis yog ib qho khoom tsis tshua muaj. Nws pom yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, suav nrogmuaj ntau yam minerals thiab pob zeb, thiab tseem muaj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv, nyob rau hauv underground thiab dej ntws. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, cov ntsiab lus ntawm rubidium mus txog tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab, zinc thiab npib tsib xee. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li ntau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, rubidium yog ib qho kab mob tsis tshua muaj, nws cov ntsiab lus hauv pob zeb qis heev, thiab nws tsis tsim nws cov ntxhia.
Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zaub mov, rubidium nrog poov tshuaj nyob txhua qhov chaw. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm rubidium muaj nyob rau hauv lepidolites, cov zaub mov uas tseem ua hauj lwm los ntawm lithium thiab cesium. Yog li rubidium ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv me me qhov twg lwm cov hlau alkali pom.
me ntsis txog kev siv rubidium
piav qhia luv luv ntawm tshuaj. rubidium caij tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog ob peb lo lus hais txog thaj chaw uas cov hlau no thiab nws cov khoom siv tau siv.
Rubidium yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov photocells, nyob rau hauv laser technology, yog ib feem ntawm ib co tshwj xeeb alloys rau foob pob ua ntxaij tshuab. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, rubidium ntsev yog siv vim lawv cov catalytic siab. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv isotopes, rubidium-86, yog siv rau hauv gamma-ray flaw detection thiab, ntxiv rau, hauv kev lag luam tshuaj rau kev ua kom tsis muaj tshuaj.
Lwm tus isotope, rubidium-87, yog siv nyob rau hauv geochronology, qhov twg nws yog siv los txiav txim lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov qub pob zeb vim nws ntev heev ib nrab-lub neej (rubidium-strontium txoj kev).
Yog ntau xyoo lawmThaum nws tau ntseeg ib zaug tias rubidium yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas nws qhov kev nthuav dav tsis zoo li nthuav dav, tam sim no cov kev cia siab tshiab rau cov hlau no tau tshwm sim, piv txwv li, hauv catalysis, nyob rau hauv high-temperature turbine units, tshwj xeeb optics thiab lwm qhov chaw. Yog li rubidium ua si thiab tseem yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no.
