Kev lag luam yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Raws li kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, nws tshem tawm cov zaub mov los ntawm lub plab zom mov hauv ntiaj teb, tsim hluav taws xob, ua cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, thiab tsim ntau yam khoom. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb tau nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam thiab nws cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb.
Kev lag luam thiab nws cov qauv
Lo lus "kev lag luam" hauv Lavxias los ntawm cov lus qhia "ua lag luam". Hauv kev sib piv, nws lub ntsiab lus yog: "pub, rho tawm, ua kom tau nyiaj." Lo lus yog thawj zaug siv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab dictionaries thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Kev lag luam yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv ib thaj chaw uas koom nrog kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv. Cov no suav nrog cov chaw tsim khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom, mines, mines, quarries, roj refineries, thiab lwm yam. Kev lag luam yog kev lag luam ua lag luam hauv kev lag luamkev tsim khoom, theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob uas feem ntau txiav txim siab txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub xeev.
Nws feem ntau lees paub tias kev tsim khoom xws li keeb kwm yav dhau los (kwv yees li 5-10 txhiab xyoo BC) thiab tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem ua tiav hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob:
- yos hav zoov thiab sib sau ua ke;
- kev ua liaj ua teb (ua liaj ua teb thiab tsiaj txhu);
- kev tsim khoom siv tes ua;
- khoom me me;
- kev koom tes kev lag luam;
- tshuab kev lag luam loj.
Raws li cov khoom lag luam, tag nrho kev lag luam feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg:
- Pab pawg "A" (lossis kev lag luam hnyav) - tsim cov tshuab, tshuab cuab yeej, khoom siv loj thiab hluav taws xob.
- Pab pawg "B" (lossis kev lag luam teeb) - tsim cov khoom siv.
Nyob hauv cov qauv kev lag luam, "qub", "tshiab", thiab "tshiab" kev lag luam kuj txawv. Thawj pab pawg muaj xws li hlau ore, thee, textile kev lag luam, nrog rau kev tsim nkoj. Cov pab pawg thib ob suav nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, tsheb, yas, thiab lwm yam. Cov pab pawg thib peb suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, microelectronics, robotics, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, aviation thiab chaw lag luam. Cov qauv tsim tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no tau nthuav tawm hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Geography ntawm kev lag luam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tso chaw ntawm cov khoom muaj zog
Raws liTam sim no, tsawg kawg 350 lab tus tib neeg tau koom nrog hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Thiab cov no tsuas yog kev kwv yees ntxhib xwb. Lub geography ntawm kev lag luam yog, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tshua muaj heterogeneous. Qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim rog yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam thiab lub hom phiaj xwm txheej. Cov no suav nrog:
- Natural yam (ntau npaum li cas thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv pob zeb hauv av, geological thiab climatic tej yam kev mob, nyem nta, thiab lwm yam). Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam mining, roj-, lub zog- thiab dej-kev lag luam.
- Txoj kev lag luam-kev lag luam - cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev faib cov pej xeem, qib nyiaj tau los ntawm pej xeem, kev tsim nyog ntawm cov peev txheej ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam.
- Cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem - kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev tsim kho vaj tsev zoo, kev tsim khoom ntawm cov voj voog ntau lawm, thiab lwm yam. Txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab muag cov khoom tiav.
Nyob rau hauv lub geography niaj hnub ntawm kev lag luam, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm rational tis ntawm ntau lawm plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb heev. Nws muab:
- Kev nyiam ntawm kev lag luam hnyav rau cov khoom siv roj, cov khoom siv raw thiab dej.
- Kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav rau cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov peev txheej ua haujlwm (cov nroog loj thiab thaj chaw muaj neeg coob coob).
- Kev taw qhia ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog lub neej txee qis rau cov neeg siv khoom.
- Striving rau kev siv tag nrho ntawm tej yam ntuj tso los ntawm kev tsim cov nroj tsuag nrog ib tug tag nrho ua voj voog.
- txwv tus naj npawb ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luamhauv nroog loj los txhim kho qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig.
Tom ntej no, peb yuav saib luv luv ntawm cov ceg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Roj thiab Zog Complex
Kev lag luam roj thiab hluav taws xob yog qhov nyuaj thiab ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas suav nrog kev lag luam mining, nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam roj, ib qho qauv tsim nyog tau pom zoo: qhov no yog kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (roj, roj thiab thee). Raws li, qhov kev lag luam no suav nrog peb ntu - roj, roj thiab thee.
Kev lag luam roj
Cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam no koom nrog kev rho tawm ntawm "dub kub", nws txoj kev thauj mus los thiab kev ua haujlwm. Roj ntau lawm yog ib tug theej technically complex ntau lawm txheej txheem. Nws suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav geological, drilling qhov dej, nrog rau kev ntxuav cov roj los ntawm dej, sulfur thiab lwm yam impurities.
Roj yog thauj los ntawm cov kav dej tshwj xeeb lossis los ntawm hiav txwv tankers. Ntawm cov roj refineries, roj av, kerosene, roj diesel, roj roj, paraffin thiab ib tug tswv tsev ntawm lwm yam khoom siv tau los ntawm nws. Lub geography ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam roj yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia nram qab no.
Gas kev lag luam
Natural gas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm natural resources, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub nroog sector (tshwj xeeb, rau cua sov tsev nyob) thiab ntau yam lag luamkev lag luam. Kev lag luam roj yog koom nrog nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, kev tsim khoom thiab kev thauj mus los. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev lag luam no hnub rov qab mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv thiab Fabkis lawv kawm paub yuav ua li cas rho roj los ntawm cov thee thiab siv nws los teeb lub nroog txoj kev. Niaj hnub no, cov peev txheej roj no yog mined hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab hauv ntau tshaj li tsib caug lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb.
thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam roj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no.
Coal kev lag luam
Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov ceg qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom. Coal nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv txheej. Nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab lawv qhov tob, muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev rho tawm cov khoom siv roj no - qhib (khoom siv) thiab kaw (mine). Txog hnub no, 8165 lab tons ntawm cov tawv tawv thiab xim av tau mined txhua xyoo hauv ntiaj teb. Sab saum toj kaum lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv extraction ntawm cov ntxhia no yog cim rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no.
metallurgy thiab engineering
Metallurgy yog kev lag luam tsim khoom uas tsim ntau yam hlau. Nws muab faib ua xim dub thiab xim. Ferrous metallurgy tuam txhab extract thiab enrich hlau ore thiab, ntawm nws lub hauv paus, tsim cam khwb cia hlau, dov hlau, ferroalloys, kav, kho vajtse, hlau thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau ferrous hauv ntiaj teb yog Tuam Tshoj, Russia, Is Nrias teb, Brazil, Canada, Australia thiab Ukraine.
Non-ferrous metallurgy yog koom nrog mining, smelting thiab uathiaj li hu ua non-ferrous hlau, uas yog conditionally muab faib ua "teeb" (aluminium, magnesium, titanium) thiab "hnyav" (zinc, tin, titanium, nickel, lead, tooj liab, thiab lwm yam). Txhua xyoo, kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam no tsim tawm txog 40 lab tons ntawm hlau, uas tau siv dav hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb: Russia, Chile, Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws USA, Nyiv, Canada, Mexico, Malaysia, Guinea, Poland.
Engineering yog cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yog ib qho kev paub ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam - feem ntau ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tau qhia ntawm no. Qhov tseeb nthuav: nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, lub ntim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no engineering khoom tau nce ib puas lub sij hawm, thiab nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws txawm ntau (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Nyiv - 5,500 lub sij hawm!). Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no: Nyiv, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Spain, Ltalis, Taiwan.
tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam
Kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg tau koom nrog kev ua tiav ntawm ntau yam khoom siv raw - ntxhia, hydrocarbon, inorganic thiab lwm yam. Varnishes thiab dyes, acids thiab ntxhia chiv, plastics thiab tsheb log tsheb, chlorine, ammonia, explosives - tag nrho cov no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub enterprise ntawm no kev lag luam. Kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg yog qhov thib ob feem ntau kev paub-intensive (tom qab mechanical engineering) kev lag luam. Qib ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob yog ncaj qha ntsig txog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm ib lub tebchaws tshwj xeeb.
Qhov twg yog concentratedcov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam chemical? Hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb no, tsib lub xeev tuaj yeem pom meej meej. Cov no yog Asmeskas, Nyiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Russia thiab Netherlands.
khoom noj khoom haus
Kev lag luam khoom noj sib xyaw ua ke ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab ua lag luam uas tsim ntau yam khoom - los ntawm nqaij thiab mis nyuj rau npias thiab txuj lom. Nws yog txuas nrog rau cov agro-industrial complex, uas muab cov khoom ntawm nws cov raw khoom.
thaj chaw ntawm kev lag luam zaub mov yog dab tsi? Cov lag luam ntawm cov ceg tau muab coj los ua, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog qhov yooj yim dua rau kev thauj cov nplej nplej ntev ntev tshaj li cov khoom noj khoom haus tiav. Txawm hais tias muaj kev zam (piv txwv li, kev tsim cov suab thaj). Yog tias peb tham txog cov thawj coj thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, ces nws tsim nyog hais txog cov teb chaws xws li Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Switzerland, Brazil, Argentina, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Poland.
Geography ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev lag luam (luv luv)
Lavxias teb sab Federation yog lub xeev muaj kev lag luam nrog kev sib koom siab ntawm kev lag luam hauv cov qauv kev lag luam (36%). Sab saum toj tsib qhov kev lag luam tsim tawm tshaj plaws yog:
- Oil refining.
- Engineering.
- Metallurgy.
- Gas production.
- khoom noj khoom haus.
Cov tub rog tsim khoom ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia tsis nyob hauv qhov chaw, tab sis tsim cov pawg lag luam meej. Ib daim ntawv qhia nthuav dav tau tsim los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Thaj Yeebnpaj "Urbanica" hauv 2013 (saib duab hauv qab). Nws qhia txog qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov chaw lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Qhov loj ntawm lub voj voog sib raug rau tag nrho cov kev lag luam tsim khoom ntawm ib lub nroog tshwj xeeb.
Lub kaum tsev loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia (raws li Urbanika) suav nrog cov nroog hauv qab no: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa, Novy Urengoy, Nizhnekamsk thiab Nogliki (Sakhalin Cheeb Tsam).
Lub teb chaws lub ntsiab metallurgical nroj tsuag nyob hauv ob thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam - Kuzbass thiab Kursk magnetic anomaly. Cov tuam txhab tsis-ferrous metallurgy yog cov tseem ceeb hauv Urals, tsom rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm zinc, tooj liab, tin, titanium, txhuas thiab lwm yam hlau. Cov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv tshuab engineering tau tsim los ntawm no, hauv Urals, thiab hauv Siberia.
Yog tias peb tham txog cov roj thiab lub zog ua haujlwm, tom qab ntawd hauv Russia muaj ntau thaj tsam ntawm cov roj thiab roj ntau lawm. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog European sab qaum teb (suav nrog lub txee ntawm Barents thiab Kara seas), Caspian lowland, Tatarstan thiab Western Siberia. Txaus tsim nyob rau hauv Russia thiab thee kev lag luam. Lub geography ntawm cov lag luam nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam no yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub Pechora thiab Kuznetsk basins.
