Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nto moo, tej zaum muaj cov kws kho mob ntau dua li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm. Cov tshuaj thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj sib xws li cas? Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tsis muaj dab tsi. Tab sis yog tias koj xav txog nws: tus kws kho mob kho lub cev, tus kws sau ntawv - tus ntsuj plig. Yog nws sau ntawv zoo, tau kawg. Cov kws kho mob-cov kws sau ntawv uas tau dhau los ua cov ntawv nyeem hauv ntiaj teb - Rabelais. Chekhov, Selin, Bulgakov. Hais txog lawv thiab lawv cov npoj yaig nto moo tau piav qhia hauv kab lus no.
Francois Rabelais
Tsis muaj hnub yug lossis qhov chaw yug ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis uas zoo tshaj plaws yog paub tseeb. Francois Rabelais yug hauv 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XV, qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm Chinon. Lub neej yav tom ntej tus kws sau ntawv tau siv nws thaum yau nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, qhov chaw nws kawm Latin, Greek ancient, keeb kwm thiab kev cai lij choj. Tom qab tawm hauv tsev teev ntuj - tshuaj.
Tsis muaj leej twg niaj hnub no tuaj yeem sau npe cov haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho mob Fabkis tus kws sau ntawv, ntxiv rau qhov tshiab "Gargantua thiab Pantagruel". Txawm li cas los xij, Fabkis classic, txawm nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, ua ke nrog kev kho mob nrog kev sau ntawv lom zem, uas, hmoov tsis, tsis tau muaj sia nyob.
Francois Rabelais yog ib tug kws sau ntawv, kws kho mob, kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov duab ci ntsa iab ntawm Renaissance. Nws satirical novel txogglutton giants ridicules tib neeg vices, lub shortcomings ntawm lub xeev thiab cov Catholic txiv plig. Phau ntawv qhia txog humanistic txoj kev ntawm kev kawm. Tsis xav tias qhov tshiab los ntawm tus kws kho mob Fab Kis thiab tus kws sau ntawv suav nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm qib siab.
YAnton Chekhov
Tus kws kho mob, kws sau ntawv, tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws sau nkauj tau yug hauv xyoo 1860 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv khw Taganrog. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, Chekhov kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug Greek lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, nyob rau hauv lub gymnasium. Tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws txiv, xyoo 1876, tus kws sau ntawv xav tau nws txoj sia nyob los ntawm kev qhia ntiag tug rau qee lub sijhawm. Xyoo 1879 nws tawm mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw nws kawm tshuaj.
Chekhov kawm nrog Sklifosovsky, Zakharyin. Raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv, nws ua hauj lwm hauv tsev kho mob. Los ntawm 1880 nws ua hauj lwm ua tus kws kho mob hauv nroog. Tus kws sau ntawv Anton Chekhov tau saib xyuas lub tsev kho mob hauv Zvenigorod rau qee lub sijhawm.
Nws tau sau txij li nws hnub kawm ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, txawm tias thaum ua haujlwm hauv lub nroog, uas ib txwm muaj neeg mob ntau, nws tsis tso tseg. Hauv nws lub xyoo tshiab, nws tau luam tawm ntau zaj dab neeg luv luv hauv Dragonfly magazine. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, Chekhov tau pom raws li ib tug satirical sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws nkag mus hauv ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv ua ib tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov tuag hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1904.
Cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias classic, tus phab ej uas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob, yog "Tuag Case", "Tus Fugitive", "Teeb meem", "Surgery", "Woe", "Kev Pabcuam".
Stanislav Lem
Tus kws tshaj lij Polish, futurist thiab kws sau ntawv yog kws kho mob los ntawm txoj haujlwm, tab sis tej zaum tsis yog los ntawm txoj haujlwm. Stanislav Lem yug hauv Lvov xyoo 1921. Los ntawm ib tug neeg Yudais txawj ntsetsev neeg. Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm lub gymnasium muaj npe tom qab Karol Shainokha, Lem nkag mus hauv Lviv University, Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj.
Thaum ua tsov ua rog, yav tom ntej tus kws sau ntawv thiab nws tsev neeg tau ua txuj ci tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob raug xa mus rau ghetto. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj hauj lwm, Lem ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug welder, auto mechanical, thiab koom nyob rau hauv ib tug tiv thaiv pab pawg neeg. Xyoo 1945 nws tawm mus rau Krakow, qhov chaw nws tseem kawm tshuaj.
Tus kws sau ntawv Polish nto moo yeej tsis tau los ua kws kho mob. Nws tsis kam mus xeem zaum kawg, tsuas yog tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj qhia txog kev kawm tiav. Stanislav Lem pib sau cov dab neeg tsis tawm ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab - nws coj cov nyiaj tau los, me me, tab sis pom tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tshaib plab tom qab tsov rog. Thawj cov haujlwm tau luam tawm xyoo 1946. Tom qab ntawd, kev sau ntawv tau dhau los ua nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Stanislav Lem tuag xyoo 2006. faus hauv Krakow. Ntau tshaj nees nkaum tej hauj lwm ntawm Polish prose kws sau ntawv tau raug filmed. Cov yeeb yaj kiab nto moo tshaj plaws raws li nws phau ntawv yog Tarkovsky's Solaris.
Louis-Ferdinand Celine
Tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis, tus kws kho mob los ntawm kev cob qhia, yug hauv 1894. Me ntsis paub txog Celine thaum ntxov xyoo. Qhov debut tshiab tau luam tawm xyoo 1932. Plaub xyoos tom qab, cov hauj lwm "Tuag ntawm Credit" tau luam tawm, uas coj tus sau txoj kev vam meej. Phau ntawv no tau muab txhais ua ntau hom lus thoob ntiaj teb.
Thaum lub sijhawm peb caug thiab plaub caug xyoo, Celine luam tawm cov ntawv "Trinkets for the pogrom", "Caught in trouble", "School of corpses". Cov haujlwm no ua rau nws lub koob npe nrov ua kev ntxub ntxaug, tawm tsam Semite, misanthrope tau ntau xyoo. Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, tus kws sau ntawv raug liam tias koom tes nrog cov neeg tawm tsam. Nws yogyuam kom tawm mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, ces Denmark, qhov chaw nws raug ntes.
Tus kws sau ntawv tau siv sijhawm ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv exile. Xyoo 1951 nws rov qab los rau Fab Kis qhov chaw nws ua hauj lwm mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej ua tus kws kho mob rau cov neeg pluag. Louis-Ferdinand Celine tuag xyoo 1961.
YVasily Aksenov
Muaj ntau yam xwm txheej tu siab hauv lub neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab kws kho mob. Yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo. Vasily Aksenov yug hauv 1932 hauv Kazan. Kuv txiv yog tus thawj tswj hwm lub nroog council. Niam qhia ntawm lub koom haum pedagogical. Xyoo 1937, cov niam txiv raug ntes. Tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej, uas thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tseem tsis tau muaj tsib xyoos, tau raug xa mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv nce qib rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm "cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg."
Xyoo 1956, Vasily Aksenov kawm tiav los ntawm Lub Tsev Kho Mob hauv Leningrad. Tau ntau xyoo nws ua haujlwm ua tus kws kho mob hauv Far North, tom qab ntawd - hauv tsev kho mob tuberculosis hauv Moscow. Txij xyoo 1960, nws tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev sau ntawv.
Vasily Aksenov tuag hauv 2006. Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws kho mob Soviet thiab kws sau ntawv tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau tshuaj ("Star Ticket", "Cov npoj yaig", "Moscow Saga", "Crimea Island").
YMikhail Bulgakov
Tus kws sau ntawv zoo tau los ua kws kho mob los ntawm tsev neeg kev lig kev cai. Cov kwv tij Bulgakov yog kws kho mob. Ib tug ua haujlwm hauv Moscow, lwm qhov hauv Warsaw.
Mikhail Bulgakov yug hauv 1891 hauv Kyiv, hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Theological Academy. Xyoo 1909 nws kawm tiav hauv gymnasium thiab nkag mus rau kws kho mob.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, Mikhail Bulgakov ua haujlwm ua tus kws kho mob hauv thaj tsam pem hauv ntej. Ces nwsxa mus rau lub zos ntawm Nikolskoye, thiab txawm tom qab ntawd mus rau Vyazma. Ib zaug, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, Bulgakov yuav luag kis tus kab mob diphtheria. Kuv yuav tsum tau siv rau lub hom phiaj prophylactic tshuaj muaj zog uas ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj. Txhawm rau ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, tus kws kho mob hluas tau noj morphine. Tsis ntev, cov tshuaj narcotic hloov Bulgakov lub neej mus rau hauv ntuj txiag teb tsaus. Nws tswj kom rov zoo los ntawm kev quav tshuaj, tab sis nrog kev nyuaj heev.
Xyoo 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov rov qab mus rau Kyiv thiab ua haujlwm ntawm no ua tus kws kho mob venereologist. Thaum Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, nws raug tsa los ua tub rog kws kho mob.
Bulgakov thawj zaug tuaj xyuas Moscow hauv xyoo 1917. Tom qab ntawd nws tau mus xyuas nws tus txiv ntxawm, uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm xibfwb Preobrazhensky los ntawm zaj dab neeg nto moo. Plaub xyoos tom qab, Bulgakov tsiv mus rau lub peev mus ib txhis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tawm ntawm kev xyaum tshuaj thiab sau ntawv.
Tus kws sau lus hais txog nws txoj kev kho mob hauv cov dab neeg los ntawm kev sau "Notes of a Young Doctor". Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias tau mob hnyav txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qhov mob tsis txaus ntseeg, nws pib siv morphine dua. Nyob rau hauv lub hli tas los ntawm nws lub neej, qhov muag tsis pom kiag li, nws hais rau nws tus poj niam cov tshooj kawg ntawm tus tshiab Tus Tswv thiab Margarita. Mikhail Bulgakov tuag nyob rau hauv 1940. faus ntawm Novodevichy Cemetery.
Kob Abe
Tau teb cov lus nug uas cov kws sau ntawv yog kws kho mob, tsis yog txhua tus yuav npe tus kws sau ntawv no. Tsis yog vim muaj cov pob dawb nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Japanese prose. Ntau ntau tau hais txog lub neej ntawm tus sau ntawm Tus Poj Niam hauv Sands. Abe tau los ua tus kws kho mob, tab sis nyiam cov ntawv nyeem rau tshuaj.
Yav Tom Ntejtus kws sau ntawv yug hauv 1924 hauv Tokyo. Nws siv nws thaum yau hauv Manchuria. Xyoo 1943, Abe nkag mus hauv University of Tokyo, Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Tshuaj. Tsib xyoos tom qab, nws yuav tsum tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj, tab sis nws tau xeem dhau lub xeev tsis txaus siab. Qhov no ua rau nws txoj haujlwm tiav.
Nyob rau xyoo 1947, cov ntawv sau "Anonymous Poems" tau luam tawm, uas ua rau muaj koob meej rau tus sau. Tus kws sau paj huam thiab kws sau ntawv Kobo Abe yeej tsis ua haujlwm li kws kho mob. Tus kws sau ntawv Japanese tuag ntawm 68
Vikenty Veresaev
Cov saum toj no yog cov kws kho mob-tus kws sau ntawv nto moo. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, Vikenty Veresaev tsis nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug muaj koob meej qhov chaw, piv txwv li, Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Bulgakov. Nws tej hauj lwm tsis tshua paub, tab sis nws tsim nyog ob peb lo lus.
Veresaev yug hauv xyoo 1867 hauv lub xeev Tula. Nws kawm tiav los ntawm classical gymnasium, ces nkag mus rau Kws qhia ntawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab Philology ntawm St. Petersburg University. Xyoo 1894 nws tau txais kev kawm kho mob hauv Dorpat.
Rau tsib xyoos Veresaev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab ua tus saib xyuas lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev kho mob. Xyoo 1904 nws tau ua tub rog kws kho mob hauv Manchuria. Veresaev nyiam cov ntaub ntawv txawm nyob rau hauv nws gymnasium xyoo. Tab sis dhau los ua ib tus kws sau ntawv nto moo, nws tsis tau tawm hauv kev kho mob. Thaum tsov rog nws ua tub rog kws kho mob.
Ntawm ua haujlwm los ntawm Vikenty Veresaev - "Thaum kawg tuag", "Fad", "Sisters". Tus kws sau ntawv tuag hauv 1945 hauv Moscow.
Archibald Cronin
Tus kws sau ntawv Scottish thiab kws kho mob paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws cov ntawv dab neeg The Stars Look Down, Brody's Castle, Youngxyoo"
Archibald Cronin yug hauv 1896 hauv Dunbarshire. Nws yog tib tug menyuam hauv tsev neeg. Thaum tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej muaj xya xyoo, nws txiv tuag. Tsev neeg yuav tsum tsiv mus rau lwm lub nroog. Xyoo 1923, Cronin tau txais nws daim ntawv kho mob. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws tiv thaiv nws cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm aneurysms. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum I nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Navy. Thawj qhov haujlwm tshaj tawm ntawm tus kws kho mob-tig-tus kws sau ntawv yog Brody's Castle. Cronin ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv no tsuas yog peb lub hlis xwb. Cov ntawv sau tau txais tam sim ntawd los ntawm lub tsev tshaj tawm thiab coj kev vam meej rau tus kws sau ntawv tshiab minted. Archibald Cronin tuag hauv Montreux, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 85.
Arthur Conan Doyle
Tus sau ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav Sherlock Holmes yug hauv 1859 hauv Edinburgh. Nws thaum yau tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev zoo siab. Tsev neeg niaj hnub ntsib teeb meem nyiaj txiag vim nws txiv haus cawv. Thaum tus cawm seej yav tom ntej muaj cuaj xyoos, nws raug xa mus rau tsev kawm ntawv kaw. Cov txheeb ze muaj nyiaj them rau cov lus qhia.
Xyoo 1876, leej txiv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej tau muab tso rau hauv tsev kho mob puas hlwb. Arthur, tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab, rov qab los tsev. Ntawm nws cov txheeb ze muaj ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Tab sis Arthur Conan Doyle, oddly txaus, nyiam tshuaj. Nws kawm tiav los ntawm University of Edinburgh, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus kws kho mob nkoj ntawm lub nkoj whaling. Qhov kev mus ncig no tau siv sijhawm ob xyoos. Tus kws kho mob rov qab los ntawm nws qhov kev mus ncig ua ib tus txiv neej laus nrog lub hnab ntim loj ntawm kev xav uas tsim los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thaum ntxov.
Xyoo 1881, Arthur Conan Doyle tau txais kev kho mobxyaum. Thiab tsuas yog kaum xyoo tom qab nws tau sau ntawv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txog rau hnub kawg ntawm nws lub neej, tus kws sau ntawv tau coj txoj kev ua neej nyob, mus ncig ntau heev. Nws tuag ib hnub lub Xya Hli Ntuj xyoo 1930. Kev tuag ntawm tus tswv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ib hom ntawv tam sim ntawd - Arthur Conan Doyle tuag vim lub plawv nres.
Somerset Maugham
Tus kws sau ntawv Askiv yug hauv Paris xyoo 1874. Orphaned thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum. Ib tug txheeb ze coj tus tub hlob. Xyoo 1896, Somerset Maugham kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv kho mob ntawm St Thomas' Tsev Kho Mob hauv London. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tsis ua haujlwm li kws kho mob.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, Maugham yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm British txawj ntse, tau mus xyuas Russia, rov ntsib Kerensky, Savinkov. Xyoo 1919 nws mus rau Suav teb, ces mus rau Malaysia. Tag nrho cov kev mus ncig no tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov dab neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj. Tus kws sau ntawv tuag hauv Nice, xyoo 1965.
Irvin Yalom
American psychotherapist yog lub npe hu ua tus sau ntawv tseeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nrov. Irving Yalom yug hauv 1931 rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab uas tau tawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib.
Tom qab kawm tiav high school, yav tom ntej tus kws kho mob thiab kws sau ntawv nkag mus rau hauv Borgia University of Washington. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txais nws txoj kev kawm kho mob hauv Boston. Irvin Yalom ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm haujlwm hauv New York.
Tus kws sau ntawv no yog ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Nws cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau yam haujlwm tau mob siab rau lub neej txhua hnub ntawm cov kws kho mob hlwb. Piv txwv li, ib zaj dab neeg "Kho rau Kev Hlub".
Louis Boussinard
Tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis yug xyoo 1847. Nws txiv yog tus sau se. Niam yog ib tug poj niam. Louis Boussinard kawm tiav los ntawm kws kho mob ntawm University of Paris. Thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Franco-Prussian nws tau ua tus kws kho mob hauv tsev kho mob. Nyob rau hauv lub seventies nws tau sau cov ntaub ntawv, tom qab uas nws yeej tsis rov qab mus rau kev kho mob.
Louis Boussenard paub txog cov dab neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj los ntawm koob "Joseph Perrot", "Mr. Synthesis", "Unmercenary". Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis tau nrov heev nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1911, ib phau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv plaub caug tagnrho. Louis Boussinard tuag xyoo 1910 vim muaj mob ntev.
Lwm tus kws kho mob-tig-tus kws sau ntawv suav nrog Oliver Sachs, Tess Gerritsen, Arnhild Lauweng, James Bugenthal, Arthur Schnitzler.
