Derivative thiab non-derivative preposition, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Nws txuas cov lus ua ke thiab qhia lawv txoj kev vam khom rau ib leeg. Prepositions tsis tuaj yeem siv cais; lawv ib txwm sawv ntawm cov lus, cov npe lossis cov lej. So…
preposition
Leejtwg, "preposition" txhais tau tias "ua ntej lo lus" thiab, qhov tseeb, lawv ib txwm tshwm sim ua ntej cov lus lawv tau ua ke nrog.
Tsuas muaj plaub qhov tshwj xeeb prepositions, uas nyob ntawm ob qho tib si ua ntej thiab tom qab cov lus sib xyaw. Nov yog:
• rau dhuav, rau dhuav;
• mus rau txoj hmoo, mus rau txoj hmoo;
• tawm tsam kev cai lij choj, tawm tsam kev npau suav;
• tawm tsam cov phiaj xwm, tawm tsam cov phiaj xwm.
Hais txog kev siv ntau zaus, prepositions tshwm sim tam sim tom qab nouns, verbs thiab pronouns.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus tseem ceeb yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov lus qhia ua ntej.
Thaum grammatical kev sib raug zoo los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm oblique rooj plaub ntawm lub npe thiab preposition, lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg tau txais.
BHauv kab lus, kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus yog ua los ntawm kev siv qhov xaus thiab prepositions. Piv txwv li, ua raws li niam.
prepositions and case
Feem ntau, cov prepositions yog siv nrog ib rooj plaub:
- nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv genitive, koj tuaj yeem siv cov lus piav qhia thiab tsis yog tus lej y, nrog rau, ua ntej, los ntawm thiab lwm tus;
- lub preposition rau yog ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv dative, txawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj cov uas tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho nrog rau lwm yam, tshwj tsis yog rau cov dative - ua tsaug rau, contrary, raws li, contrary to, ntawm;
- nrog cov lus foob txog, dhau, dhau, thiab lwm yam
- nrog tswv yim - ua ntej, saum toj, nruab nrab;
- and with prepositional - oh, at.
Qee prepositions yog siv nrog ob kis ib zaug, piv txwv li:
- prepositions nyob rau hauv thiab on yog sib npaug kom raug siv nrog cov lus nyob rau hauv accusative thiab prepositional rooj plaub;
- hauv qab thiab qab - hauv kev liam thiab muaj tswv yim.
Cov lus qhia los ntawm thiab tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej cov lus hauv cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg, raug liam thiab ntsuas ntsuas.
Tsis muaj prepositions yog siv nrog cov ntaub ntawv nominative kiag li.
Yog li, los ntawm preposition nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, koj tuaj yeem paub qhov twg lo lus yog, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev sau ntawv kom raug.
Lub ntsiab morphological ntawm ib preposition yog immutability.
prepositions by structure
Dab tsi qhov prepositions los ntawm cov qauv, lub ntsiab lus, kev sib raug zoo, keeb kwm thiab qauv.
Structurally, prepositions muaj peev xwm muaj ib lo lus - yooj yim (txog, y, hauv, rau, nrog thiab lwm yam), los ntawm ob lo lus txuas los ntawm ib tug hyphen -complex (vim, dhau, thiab lwm yam), raws li zoo raws li los ntawm ob peb lo lus - compound (txawm, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog, thiab lwm yam).
prepositions by meaning
Muaj cov lej hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm prepositions:
- Prepositions of space show where the action – from, to, to, at, above, from under, etc. Saib tawm hauv qab rooj, tuaj rau kwj, dag ntawm rooj.
- Temporal qhia lub sijhawm ntawm cov xwm txheej - ua ntej, ntawm, ua ntej, dhau mus thiab lwm yam. Sawv ua ntej kaj ntug, tuaj ntawm tsib teev, yuav nyob rau hauv kaum feeb.
- Causal prepositions coj peb mus rau qhov tshwm sim - ua tsaug rau, los ntawm, pom, thiab lwm yam Nws nkag los vim muaj hmoo, quaj rau kev xyiv fab, hla vim mob.
- Prepositions taw qhia peb mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev ua - rau, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm, thiab lwm yam. Yuav noj tshais, qw qw rau luag.
- Prepositions of the mode of action coj peb mus rau hom kev ua - tsis muaj, hauv, los ntawm, nrog thiab lwm yam. Tsis ntshai, nrog luag thuam.
- Objective prepositions qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim - hais txog, hais txog, nrog, hais txog, thiab lwm yam
Ib tus nqi prepositions yog siv nrog ib rooj plaub, ntau tus nqi - nrog ob peb. Nyob ntawm qhov kev tsim kho, lub ntsiab lus ntawm preposition yuav hloov. Ib txhia muaj ntau tshaj peb caug.
prepositions non-derivatives thiab derivatives
Kev faib tawm yog cais caisprepositions los ntawm cov qauv thiab keeb kwm.
Tsis yog cov lus qhia ua piv txwv ib txwm muaj, lawv suav tias yog thawj zaug, thiab lawv ib txwm ua prepositions. Zoo li no? Nws dhau los ua qhov tseeb los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhia ua ntej, uas yog thawj qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus (piv txwv li, adverbs), thiab nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus lawv pib siv los ua prepositions - txog, qab, hauv ib feem. Tsis tas li ntawd, derivatives suav nrog prepositions ua los ntawm ntau yam yooj yim - vim, dhau.
Drived prepositions kuj muaj lawv tus kheej qeb nyob ntawm seb ib feem ntawm kev hais lus los ntawm lawv tsim:
• los ntawm adverbs - adverbial prepositions, lawv qhia qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm - es tsis txhob, tawm tsam, dhau thiab lwm yam;
• los ntawm lub npe - denominative prepositions, nthuav qhia khoom, thiab qee zaum adverbial kev sib raug zoo - zoo li, thaum lub sij hawm, ib feem;
• los ntawm cov lus qhia - hais lus, lawv tsim los ntawm gerunds (cov ntawv hais lus) thiab qhia kev sib raug zoo: tsis suav nrog, txawm, thiab lwm yam.
Spelling prepositions
Tag nrho cov derivative thiab non-derivative prepositions yog sau cais los ntawm cov lus. Cov ntawv sau raug kuaj nrog cov lus nug uas tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, ntawm lub rooj, ntawm lub rooj (dab tsi?)
Yog hais tias prepositions yog tsim los ntawm adverbs, lawv sau ua ke: khiav mus rau lub hnub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom kawm paub qhov txawv ntawm prepositions thiab adverbs. Cov qub tsis siv yam tsis muaj npe lossis cov lus hais: mus rau ntawm (adverb), mus rau (preposition) lub teeb tsheb.
Koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm qhov pom, nyiam, txog, hloov, nyiam, vim yog sauua ke.
Lwm txoj hauv kev kom paub qhov txawv tsis yog qhov sib txawv thiab cov lus piav qhia los ntawm lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus yog hloov nws nrog preposition uas zoo sib xws hauv lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li: vim kev tawg, lub tsheb tsav tsis tau - vim kev tawg, lub tsheb tsis tuaj yeem tsav.
Xaus - e yog sau nyob rau hauv xws li prepositions xws li: lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv txuas ntxiv, vim. Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev sau ntawv no yog lawv cov keeb kwm - cov prepositions no yog tsim los ntawm daim ntawv ntawm accusative case. Yuav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov npe, ib tug yuav tsum sim hloov lub ntsiab lus: nyob rau hauv lub turbulent ntws ntawm tus dej, nyob rau hauv lub languid continuation ntawm pw tsaug zog. Yog tias qhov no ua tiav, ces koj muaj lub npe nrog preposition nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj.
Los ntawm ib tug hyphen, ua ke ua ke derivative prepositions yog sau los ntawm hauv qab, tshaj thiab lwm tus.
Prepositions non-derivatives thiab derivatives muaj lawv qhov kev zam - cov lus nrog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm xaus nrog ib tug mos mos kos npe. Lub hnub tawg los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Tab sis lub preposition nyob ze, ib yam li vice versa, yog sau tsis muaj ib tug mos kos npe rau thaum kawg: nyob ze ntawm lub kwj. Cov prepositions raws li thiab ua tsaug yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub npe los yog pronoun nyob rau hauv lub dative rooj plaub, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv lub genitive - ua tsaug rau lub dag zog.
Kev sau sau ua ke ntawm cov lus piav qhia thiab tsis yog cov lus piav qhia
Ntawm nruab nrab sau ua ke thaum qhia kev sib raug zoo: nyob nruab nrab ntawm hiav txwv.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias - sib piv rau gerund nrog preposition, lawv tau sau ua ke thiab coj lub ntsiab lus pom zoo. Peb taug kev txawm tias los nag. Txawm yog nws, tus ntxhais dhau los.
Similar in meaningzoo li nws sau ua ke. Zoo li rowan berries. Saib qhov zoo sib xws ntawm daim duab peb sab isosceles.
Nyob rau hauv qhov sawv cev txog, txog, tus preposition hais txog muaj ib tug tas mus li spelling. Sib piv: nws tau muab cov lus qhia txog subbotnik. Nws qhia kom tso nyiaj rau hauv tus account.
Nws kuj yog sau rau, tab sis tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog rau lub rooj sib tham. Piv txwv li, mus rau hnub tshav ntuj; mus ntsib nws cov hluas.
Ib qho yooj yim derivative preposition, uas tsis zoo ib yam li lub npe tsis yog hauv kev sau ntawv tas mus li, tab sis kuj nrog tsab ntawv kawg e - vim li ntawd. Nws yog ib tug synonym rau lub preposition vim yog. Tsis muaj leej twg raug mob vim av qeeg. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv tau ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Kuj tseem muaj adverb tom qab, kuj tseem sau ua ke thiab nrog ib tsab ntawv thiab thaum kawg.
Ua raws yog sau ua ke thaum nws yog ib qho kev sib txuas rau lub preposition rau. Nws ua raws nws sai. Peb tsiv mus nyob ib leeg.
Zoo li los yog sib sau ua ke. Zoo li tus duab ntxoov ntxoo, lossis tej zaum lub teeb. Feem ntau muaj kev lom zem nyob hauv nws tsev neeg.
Piv txwv tias yog vim li cas lossis kev tshawb nrhiav lub ntsiab lus, tus preposition nyob rau hauv saib ntawm (vim yog) muaj ib tug tas mus li spelling. Vim muaj cua daj cua dub, lub teeb liab tsis muaj zog. Yog hais tias nws hais txog qhov chaw, ces nws yog sau cais. Tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb txog cov ntoo no. Kev zam: yuav tsum paub.
cais sau ntawm prepositions
Daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov lus piav qhia thiab tsis yog cov lus piav qhia uas tau sau cais zoo li no:
- in action;
- kev sib txuas nrog;
- hauv kev ua;
- change;
- kom zam;
- in xaus;
- raws li;
- nyob rau hauv moderation;
- raug;
- thov;
- as;
- as opposed to;
- mus txuas ntxiv;
- hauv.
Prepositions thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus
Prepositions non-derivatives thiab derivatives tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, feem ntau suab zoo ib yam li lwm yam ntawm kev hais lus. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob tsis meej pem thiab tsis ua yuam kev thaum sau lawv, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov ob peb txoj cai thiab nta.
Koj tuaj yeem ua kom paub tseeb tias koj muaj cov lus qhia ua ntej los ntawm kev hloov nws nrog lwm tus yam tsis tau poob nws lub ntsiab lus. Vim tsis muaj cov khoom siv, lub tsev tsis tiav. Vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv, lub tsev tsis tiav.
| Preposition: derivative thiab non-derivative prepositions | ||
| prepositions | Adverbs | Notes |
| pawg vaj | stand opposite |
Derivatives thiab non-derivatives prepositions: spelling example. Yog tsis muaj lub npe nyob ze yog lus qhuab qhia. Txwv tsis pub - preposition. |
| nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kem | fly ahead | |
| ze lub tsev | lig ze | |
| inside the box | paint sab hauv | |
| ncig da dej | looked around | |
| saw along | ||
| ze lub sandbox | tsis muaj ib puag ncig | |
| raws li kev txiav txim | xav raws li | |
| ncig teb chaws | ||
| vim huab cua phem | nws muaj nyob hauv siab | |
| noj nrog koj | noj noj ua ke | |
| xav deb ntawm tsev | saib nyob deb | |
| prepositions | Nouns | |
| txog qhov kev thov | nyiaj tau txais rau hauv tus as khauj | |
| vim thunderstorms | hloov kho raws li qhov tshwm sim | |
| thaum tham | thaum lub kwj deg | Prepositions non-derivatives thiab derivatives uas muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm yog interchangeable: ntawm lawv, thaum, nyob rau hauv txuas ntxiv. Nws yuav pab kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm ib lub npe nrog cov uas tsis yog-derivative preposition uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tom kawg tsis muaj sij hawm muaj nqis. Koj tseem tuaj yeem ntxig lub ntsiab lus ua ntej lub npe. |
| txuas ntxiv qhov tau hais | txuas ntxiv ntawm kab lus | |
| tau hnov hauv xaus | nws hnov hauv tsab ntawv tshuaj xyuas | |
| vim tsis muaj sijhawm | tsis muaj leej twg ntseeg nws lub hwj chim | |
| prepositions | Kev koom nrog ntau yam | |
| ua tsaug rau lub teeb | ua tsaug niam | |
| tsis ntsia qhov rais | ||
Preposition parsing: morphology
Derivative thiab non-derivative prepositions: txoj cai ntawm morphological tsom xam muaj peb lub ntsiab lus.
- Preposition: ib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txhais lub preposition thiab nws lub ntsiab lus grammatical (nyob rau hauv kab lus twg nws yog, cov lus twg yog siv los txuas, nrog rau qhov twg nws siv, nrog dab tsi ntxiv).
- Ntawm morphological nta ntawm preposition (qauv, qauv, lo lus ntev).
- Preposition: syntactic luag hauj lwm (tus tswv cuab ntawm kab lus yog ib feem ntawm).
Nco ntsoov! Prepositions
Yuav kom kawm paub sau cov ntsiab lus thiab tsis yog cov lus piav qhia kom raug, koj yuav tsum ua cov kev tawm dag zog ntau li ntau tau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov derivatives uas tau tsim los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus yog yooj yim heev rau confuse nrog lub npe, adverb los yog participle, yog li ua yuam kev.
Cov lus saum toj no yuav pab koj nco tau sai lossis kawm paub sau qhov no lossis qhov preposition. Derivative thiab non-derivative prepositions muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua kab lus, lawv cov npe yog dav heev, yog li thaum sau lawv yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb.
