Viking armor thiab riam phom: piav qhia, duab

Cov txheej txheem:

Viking armor thiab riam phom: piav qhia, duab
Viking armor thiab riam phom: piav qhia, duab
Anonim

Vikings… Lo lus no tau los ua ib lub npe tsev ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Nws cim lub zog, ua siab loj, ua siab loj, tab sis ob peb tus neeg mob siab rau cov ntsiab lus. Yog lawm, Vikings yeej yeej thiab muaj npe nrov rau lawv ntau pua xyoo, tab sis tam sim no lawv tau txais nws tsis yog vim lawv tus kheej zoo, tab sis feem ntau los ntawm kev siv riam phom niaj hnub thiab siv tau zoo tshaj plaws.

riam phom viking
riam phom viking

keeb kwm me ntsis

Lub sijhawm ntawm ntau pua xyoo txij li 8th mus rau 11th centuries hauv keeb kwm yog hu ua Viking Age. Cov neeg Scandinavian no txawv ntawm kev ua tub rog, kev ua siab loj thiab tsis txaus ntshai. Kev ua siab loj thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog tau cog lus nyob rau hauv txhua txoj hauv kev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lawv unconditional superiority, cov Vikings ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv martial art, thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim: nyob rau hauv av los yog nyob rau hauv hiav txwv. Lawv tau tawm tsam ob qho tib si hauv thaj chaw ntug hiav txwv thiab tob hauv sab av loj. Tsis tsuas yog Europe tau dhau los ua rau lawv qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv lub xub ntiag tau sau tseg thiabhaiv neeg ntawm North Africa.

Zoo hauv cov ntsiab lus

Scandinavians tau tawm tsam nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze tsis yog rau kev lag luam thiab kev nplua nuj - lawv tau tsim lawv cov chaw nyob hauv thaj av uas tau rov qab los. Vikings dai kom zoo nkauj riam phom thiab armor nrog ib tug peculiar tiav. Nws nyob ntawm no uas cov kws txawj ua yeeb yam qhia lawv cov txuj ci thiab txuj ci. Txog rau tam sim no, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias nws nyob hauv thaj chaw no uas lawv tau tshaj tawm lawv cov kev txawj ntse. Cov riam phom Viking uas yog nyob rau hauv qis social strata, cov duab uas amaze txawm tias niaj hnub craftsmen, tso tawm tag nrho cov phiaj xwm. Peb tuaj yeem hais li cas txog riam phom ntawm cov tub rog uas yog cov neeg siab tshaj plaws thiab cov keeb kwm zoo.

viking riam phom photo
viking riam phom photo

Dab tsi yog riam phom ntawm Vikings?

Cov riam phom ntawm cov tub rog sib txawv nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv cov tswv. Warriors ntawm noble keeb kwm muaj ntaj thiab ntau yam thiab hom ntawm axes. Viking riam phom ntawm cov chav kawm qis feem ntau yog hneev thiab taw hmuv ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

Tiv thaiv nta

Txawm tias cov riam phom loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hnub ntawd qee zaum tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, vim tias thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua Vikings tau nyob ze ze nrog lawv tus nrog sib ntaus. Lub ntsiab tiv thaiv ntawm Viking hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua yog daim ntaub thaiv, vim tsis yog txhua tus tub rog tuaj yeem them taus lwm yam cuab yeej. Nws tiv thaiv feem ntau los ntawm pov riam phom. Lawv feem ntau yog cov ntaub thaiv npog loj. Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog hais txog ib 'meter'. Nws tiv thaiv tus tub rog ntawm lub hauv caug mus rau puab tsaig. Feem ntau cov yeeb ncuab txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov ntaub thaiv npog kom deprive Viking ntawmkev tiv thaiv.

vikings riam phom thiab armor
vikings riam phom thiab armor

daim thaiv Viking ua li cas?

Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau ua los ntawm cov laug cam 12-15 cm tuab, qee zaum kuj muaj ob peb txheej. Lawv tau muab khi ua ke nrog cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb tsim, thiab cov shingles zoo tib yam feem ntau tau ua ib txheej. Rau lub zog ntau dua, sab saum toj ntawm daim ntaub thaiv npog tau npog nrog daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj tuag. Cov npoo ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tau ntxiv dag zog nrog tooj liab lossis hlau daim hlau. Qhov chaw yog ib tug umbon - ib tug semicircle ua los ntawm hlau. Nws tiv thaiv txhais tes ntawm Viking. Nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem tuav cov ntaub thaiv npog zoo li no hauv lawv txhais tes, thiab txawm tias thaum sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no ib zaug ua tim khawv rau lub cev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

daim thaiv Viking tsis yog kev tiv thaiv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev kos duab

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus tub rog los ntawm kev poob nws daim thaiv thaum sib ntaus sib tua, lawv siv txoj siv nqaim, qhov ntev ntawm qhov tuaj yeem hloov kho. Nws tau fastened los ntawm sab hauv ntawm opposite npoo ntawm daim ntaub thaiv npog. Yog tias tsim nyog siv lwm yam riam phom, daim ntaub thaiv tau yooj yim muab pov rau tom qab. Nws kuj tau siv thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv.

Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog yog xim liab, tab sis kuj muaj ntau cov duab ci ntsa iab, qhov nyuaj uas nyob ntawm qhov kev txawj ntawm tus kws ua haujlwm.

Tab sis zoo li txhua yam uas tau los ntawm lub sijhawm qub, cov duab ntawm daim thaiv tau hloov pauv. Thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XI. cov tub rog muaj lub npe hu ua almond-shaped shields, uas zoo sib txawv ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej hauv cov duab, tiv thaiv cov tub rog yuav luag tag rau nruab nrab ntawm cov ceg qis. Lawv kuj tau txawv los ntawm qhov hnyav hnyav dua piv rau lawv cov neeg ua ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tautsis yooj yim rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov nkoj, tab sis lawv tau tshwm sim ntau thiab ntau zaus, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tsis tau txais kev faib ntau ntawm Vikings.

kaus mom

Tus tub rog lub taub hau feem ntau tiv thaiv los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Nws thawj thav duab yog tsim los ntawm peb lub ntsiab kab txaij: 1st - hauv pliaj, 2nd - ntawm lub hauv pliaj mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub taub hau, 3rd - los ntawm pob ntseg mus rau pob ntseg. 4 ntu tau txuas rau lub hauv paus no. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub taub hau (qhov twg cov kab txaij hla) muaj ib tug ntse spikes. Tus tub rog lub ntsej muag tau tiv thaiv ib feem los ntawm daim npog qhov ncauj. Ib txoj hlua xaim mesh, hu ua aventail, tau txuas rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Cov rivets tshwj xeeb tau siv los txuas rau qhov chaw ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Los ntawm cov hlau me me lawv tsim ib hemisphere - lub kaus mom kaus mom.

viking riam phom axes
viking riam phom axes

kaus mom hlau thiab kev sib raug zoo

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, Vikings muaj lub kaus mom hlau, thiab lub ntsej muag ncaj ncaj tau ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib lub kaus mom hlau forged nrog lub puab tsaig pluaj tuaj rau lawv qhov chaw. Muaj kev xav tias cov ntaub los yog tawv hauv ob sab phlu tau fastened nrog rivets. Cov ntaub balaclavas txo lub zog ntawm lub tshuab rau lub taub hau.

Cov tub rog qub tsis muaj kaus mom hlau. Lawv lub taub hau tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kaus mom ua los ntawm cov plaub lossis tawv tawv.

kaus mom hlau ntawm cov tswv tsev muaj nyiaj tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov cim xim, lawv tau siv los paub txog cov tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Headdresses nrog horns, uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm films, yog tsis tshua muaj heev. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog Viking, lawv tus kheej muaj zog dua.

Mail

Vikings siv sijhawm feem ntau ntawm lawv lub neej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab yog li paub tias qhov txhab feem ntau ua rau mob, thiab kev kho mob tsis yog ib txwm tsim nyog,uas ua rau tetanus thiab ntshav lom, thiab feem ntau tuag. Tias yog vim li cas lub armor pab kom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv hnyav tej yam kev mob, tab sis kom them taus hnav lawv nyob rau hauv lub VIII-X centuries. tsuas yog cov tub rog nplua nuj xwb.

Tes Tsho luv, ncej puab-ntev chainmail tau hnav los ntawm Vikings nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th.

Khaub ncaws thiab riam phom ntawm cov chav kawm sib txawv heev. Cov tub rog ib txwm siv cov tsho tawv tawv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab xaws rau ntawm cov pob txha, thiab tom qab ntawv hlau. Cov tsho zoo li no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub tshuab zoo kawg nkaus.

viking riam phom los yog ax
viking riam phom los yog ax

Tshwj xeeb muaj txiaj ntsig

Tom qab ntawd, qhov ntev ntawm cov saw xa ntawv tau nce ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI. kev txiav tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov plag tsev, uas tau txais tos heev los ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb. Ntau cov ntsiab lus nyuaj tau tshwm sim hauv cov xaim xaim - qhov no yog lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag thiab balaclava, uas pab tiv thaiv lub puab tsaig thiab caj pas ntawm tus tub rog. Nws qhov hnyav yog 12-18 kg.

Cov Vikings tau ceev faj heev txog kev xa ntawv, vim tias lub neej ntawm ib tug tub rog feem ntau nyob ntawm lawv. Cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, yog li lawv tsis raug tso rau hauv tshav rog thiab tsis ploj. Feem ntau chain mail tau txais qub txeeg qub teg.

Lamellar Armor

Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia rau lamellar armor. Lawv nkag mus rau Viking arsenal tom qab raiding Middle East. Xws li lub plhaub yog ua los ntawm cov hlau phaj-lamellae. Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib txheej, sib tshooj me ntsis, thiab txuas nrog hlua.

Tseem Viking tej cuab yeej muaj xws li banded bracers thiab greaves. Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov hlau strips, qhov dav yog li 16 hli. Lawv tau muab cov hlua khi tawv.

Ntxawm

ntaj nqatxoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Viking arsenal. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb indisputable. Rau cov tub rog, nws tsis yog ib qho riam phom uas coj tsis tau kev tuag rau tus yeeb ncuab, tab sis kuj yog ib tug phooj ywg zoo, muab kev tiv thaiv tej yam yees siv. Cov Vikings pom tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus raws li qhov xav tau rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis rab ntaj yog ib zaj dab neeg cais. Keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg tau txuam nrog nws, nws tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Tus tub rog pom rab ntaj yog ib feem ntawm nws tus kheej.

riam phom Viking feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv qhov ntxa ntawm cov tub rog. Kev tsim kho dua tshiab tso cai rau peb kom paub txog nws qhov zoo li qub.

viking riam phom 10 centuries
viking riam phom 10 centuries

Thaum pib ntawm lub hnub nyoog Viking, qauv forging tau dav, tab sis dhau sij hawm, ua tsaug rau kev siv cov ore zoo dua thiab kev kho tshiab ntawm cov cub tawg, nws tau los ua cov hniav uas muaj zog dua thiab sib dua. Cov duab ntawm cov hniav kuj tau hloov. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tau txav mus rau qhov kov, thiab cov hniav taper sharply mus rau qhov kawg. Qhov riam phom no ua rau nws tuaj yeem tawm tsam sai thiab raug.

rab ntaj ob sab nrog kev nplua nuj yog riam phom ua koob tsheej ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj Scandinavians, thiab tsis siv rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.

In the VIII-IX centuries. Frankish-style swords tshwm nyob rau hauv lub arsenal ntawm lub Vikings. Lawv yog sharpened rau ob sab, thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov hniav ncaj, tapering mus rau ib tug sib npaug point, yog me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ib 'meter'. Qhov no ua rau muaj laj thawj ntseeg tias riam phom zoo li no kuj tsim nyog rau kev txiav.

Cov tes tuav ntawm rab ntaj muaj ntau hom, lawv txawv ntawm qhov sib tw thiab lub taub hau. Nyiaj thiab tooj liab tau siv los kho cov tes tuav hauv lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, thiabnpib.

Nyob rau hauv lub 9th thiab 10th centuries, lub hillts yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ornaments ntawm tooj liab strips thiab tin. Tom qab ntawd, hauv cov duab kos ntawm tus kov, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov duab geometric ntawm lub phaj tin, uas tau muab tso nrog tooj dag. Cov contours tau hais txog los ntawm tooj liab hlau.

Vim qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus kov, peb tuaj yeem pom tus kov ua los ntawm lub taub, pob txha lossis ntoo.

Scabbard kuj yog ua los ntawm ntoo - qee zaum lawv tau muab tawv. Sab hauv ntawm scabbard yog lined nrog cov khoom muag uas tseem tiv thaiv los ntawm cov khoom oxidation ntawm cov hniav. Feem ntau nws yog oiled tawv, waxed ntaub los yog fur.

Siv cov duab kos los ntawm Viking Age muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws li cas. Thaum xub thawj, lawv tau nyob ntawm ib txoj hlua khi hla lub xub pwg ntawm sab laug. Tom qab ntawd, tus scabbard tau dai ntawm lub duav siv.

Sachs

Melee riam phom ntawm Vikings tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm Saxons. Nws tau siv tsis yog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hauv tsev neeg.

Sachs yog ib rab riam nrog lub taub qab dav, uas cov hniav yog sharpened rau ntawm ib sab. Tag nrho cov Saxons, txiav txim los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev khawb, tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: ntev, qhov ntev ntawm 50-75 cm, thiab luv luv, txog 35 cm ntev, tuaj yeem sib cav tias tom kawg yog tus qauv. ntawm daggers, feem ntau ntawm cov niaj hnub craftsmen kuj coj mus rau cov xwm txheej ntawm art.

Axe

riam phom ntawm Vikings thaum ub yog ib tug axe. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tsis nplua nuj, thiab cov khoom zoo li no muaj nyob hauv txhua tsev neeg. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov vajntxwv kuj siv lawv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov ntev ntawm lub cev yog 60-90 cmtxiav ntug - 7-15 cm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis hnyav thiab tso cai rau maneuver thaum sib ntaus sib tua.

Cov riam phom Viking, "bearded" axes, feem ntau yog siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj, vim tias lawv muaj ib qho square ledge nyob rau hauv qab ntawm cov hniav thiab zoo heev rau boarding.

xuas tes ua viking riam phom
xuas tes ua viking riam phom

Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yuav tsum muab rau ib tug axes nrog ib tug ntev tes - ib tug axe. Cov hniav ntawm tus ncej yuav ncav cuag 30 cm, kov - 120-180 cm. Tsis xav tias nws yog ib tug nyiam riam phom ntawm Vikings, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub txhais tes ntawm ib tug muaj zog warrior nws yog ib tug heev formidable riam phom, thiab nws impressive tsos. tam sim ntawd undermined lub siab ncaj ncees ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.

riam phom Viking: duab, qhov sib txawv, lub ntsiab lus

Cov Vikings ntseeg tias riam phom muaj hwj chim ua khawv koob. Nws tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Cov tub rog nrog kev nplua nuj thiab txoj hauj lwm dai kom zoo nkauj axes thiab axes nrog ornaments, noble thiab non-ferrous hlau.

viking riam phom npe
viking riam phom npe

Qee zaum cov lus nug yog nug: Dab tsi yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm Vikings - ntaj lossis rab ntaj? Cov tub rog tau paub ntau yam riam phom no, tab sis qhov kev xaiv yeej ib txwm nrog Viking.

Spear

riam phom Viking tsis tuaj yeem xav txog yam tsis muaj hmuv. Raws li cov lus dab neeg thiab dab neeg, cov tub rog sab qaum teb tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau hom riam phom no. Kev nrhiav tau ntawm hmuv tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv nyiaj tshwj xeeb, txij li cov ncej yog tsim los ntawm peb tus kheej, thiab cov lus qhia tau yooj yim rau kev tsim, txawm hais tias lawv txawv ntawm cov tsos thiab lub hom phiaj thiab tsis xav tau cov hlau ntau.

Txhua tus tub rog tuaj yeem ua riam phom. Qhov me me tso cai rau nws tuav nrog ob leeg thiab ib txhais tes. siv hmuv nyob rau hauvfeem ntau yog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis qee zaum ua riam phom pov.

Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nres ntawm cov spearheads. Thaum xub thawj, Vikings muaj hmuv nrog lancet-zoo li lub tswv yim, qhov chaw ua hauj lwm uas yog tiaj tus, nrog ib tug maj mam hloov mus rau ib tug me me crown. Nws qhov ntev yog los ntawm 20 mus rau 60 cm. Tom qab ntawd, muaj hmuv nrog cov lus qhia ntawm ntau yam duab los ntawm nplooj-puab mus rau daim duab peb sab hauv seem.

Vikings tau tawm tsam ntau lub tebchaws, thiab lawv cov kws tua phom txawj siv cov yeeb ncuab riam phom hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Cov riam phom ntawm Vikings 10 centuries dhau los tau hloov pauv. Cov hmuv tsis muaj kev zam. Lawv tau dhau los ua kom ruaj khov vim qhov kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev hloov pauv mus rau lub kaus mom thiab tau tsim nyog rau ramming.

viking khaub ncaws thiab riam phom
viking khaub ncaws thiab riam phom

Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj kev txwv rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hmuv. Nws tau dhau los ua ib hom kev kos duab. Cov tub rog uas muaj kev paub ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam no tsis yog tsuas yog cuam hmuv nrog ob txhais tes tib lub sijhawm, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ntes nws ntawm ya thiab xa rov qab mus rau yeeb ncuab.

Dart

Txhawm rau ua kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov deb li 30 meters, xav tau ib rab phom Viking tshwj xeeb. Nws lub npe yog dart. Nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau ntau yam riam phom loj nrog kev siv los ntawm tus tub rog. Cov no yog lub teeb ib thiab ib nrab meter hmuv. Lawv cov lus qhia tuaj yeem zoo li hmuv zoo ib yam lossis zoo ib yam li harpoon, tab sis qee zaum muaj petiolate nrog ob-pos thiab socketed.

Cov riam phom no, muaj nyob rau hauv Viking Age, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ib qho ntawm elm, tshauv lossis yew. Nws ua hauj lwm rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov deb heev. Hneev xub mus txog 80 centimeters ntev tau ua los ntawm birch los yog coniferous ntoo, tab sis ib txwm laus. Cov lus qhia dav hlau thiab cov plumage tshwj xeeb txawv Scandinavian xub.

Qhov ntev ntawm cov ntoo ntawm hneev mus txog ob meters, thiab txoj hlua feem ntau yog braided plaub hau. Lub zog loj yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov riam phom zoo li no, tab sis nws yog rau qhov no uas Viking warriors nto moo. Tus xub ntaus tus yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov deb ntawm 200 meters. Cov Vikings siv hneev nti tsis yog hauv kev ua tub rog nkaus xwb, yog li cov xub xub sib txawv heev, muab lawv lub hom phiaj.

ancient viking riam phom
ancient viking riam phom

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg sawv daws

Qhov no kuj yog Viking pov riam phom. Nws tsis yooj yim los ua nws nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes, txij li koj tsuas yog xav tau txoj hlua lossis siv tawv thiab tawv "lub txaj" qhov twg lub pob zeb sib npaug. Muaj pes tsawg lub pob zeb tau sau thaum tsaws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv ob txhais tes ntawm ib tug txawj tub rog, lub sling muaj peev xwm xa ib pob zeb mus ntaus cov yeeb ncuab ib puas meters los ntawm lub Viking. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm riam phom no yooj yim. Ib qho kawg ntawm txoj hlua txuas nrog rau tus tub rog lub dab teg, thiab nws tuav lwm tus hauv nws lub nrig. Lub sling tau tig, nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov kiv puag ncig, thiab lub nrig yog tsis pom ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws. Lub pob zeb ya mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia thiab ntaus tus yeeb ncuab.

Vikings ib txwm khaws riam phom thiab riam phom kom zoo, raws li lawv pom lawv yog ib feem ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab nkag siab tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yog nyob ntawm nws.

Tsis ntseeg, tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov riam phom tau pab cov Vikings kom tau koob meej raws li cov tub rog uas tsis muaj zog, thiab yog tias cov yeeb ncuab ntshai heev riam phom ntawm Scandinavians, ces cov tswv lawv tus kheej.kho nws heev thiab fwm nws, feem ntau muab nws lub npe. Ntau hom riam phom uas koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav tau txais los ntawm kev lees paub tias tus tub rog hluas yuav ua siab tawv thiab txiav txim siab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.

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