Peb tsis xav tsis thoob tias thaum yug me nyuam tsis tuaj yeem hais tau, thiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog lawv hais thawj lo lus, los ntawm peb cov kab lus sib txuas, los ntawm rau rau lawv kawm nyeem thiab sau.
Peb yeej tsis paub txog cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm peb hom lus, tab sis tib lub sijhawm peb tuaj yeem sib txuas lus dawb hauv nws. Tej zaum yog tias koj nug cov neeg ntawm txoj kev tias lub npe yog dab tsi, feem ntau yuav teb qhov zoo tshaj plaws: "Kuv, koj …". Thiab qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau lawv lub neej tsawg kawg nkaus.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej txawv nrog kev kawm lus txawv teb chaws. Rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov cai, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum paub cov lus teb rau lo lus nug "dab tsi yog lub npe thiab lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus?" Thiab tom qab ntawd peb kawm tias, nws hloov tawm, pronoun yog lo lus uas tsis hu ua khoom lossis nws cov cwj pwm, tab sis taw rau nws. Nws yog qhov yooj yim ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj lawv hauv kev sib tham, thiab ntau ntxiv hauv kev sau ntawv, qhov twg tautology pom ntau dua,Tom qab tag nrho, pronouns ua ib qho kev hloov pauv rau lwm qhov nominal ntawm kev hais lus - nouns, adjectives, numerals.
Raws li kev txheeb cais, 30% ntawm peb qhov ncauj thiab 20% ntawm kev hais lus sau tsuas yog cov lus, thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus Lavxias, cov lus muaj 20 tus lej. Txawm li cas los xij, kom nkag siab yooj yim, lub rooj tsuas yog nthuav qhia cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus hauv Lavxias, nrog rau cov piv txwv rau lawv txhua tus.
| nqe lus hais lus | Examples | |
| 1 | Private | kuv, koj, peb |
| rov qab | kuv tus kheej | |
| Nyob zoo | kuv, koj, nws, lawv | |
| Undefined | ||
| negative | nowhere, tsis muaj leej twg, yeej tsis | |
| 6 | Interrogative txheeb ze | qhov twg, thaum twg, dab tsi |
| 7 | Meaning "tsis yog tus no" | lwm, txwv tsis pub |
| 8 | Indicative | no, that, such, so |
| Amplifiers | nws tus kheej, tshaj plaws | |
| 10 | tag nrho | tag nrho, txhua yam, txhua qhov chaw |
| 11 | Mutual |
Cov lus hauv Lavxias thiab German yuav luag sib luag, feem ntau tsis meej pem tshwm sim nrog lawv cov poj niam txiv neej, vim hais tias German thiab Lavxias lub npe denoting tib yam kev kawm qee zaum muaj ib tug poj niam los txiv neej sib txawv kiag li. Yog li ntawd, tsis tas yuav piav qhia ib zaug ntxiv tias lub npe yog dab tsi hauv German. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua tib zoo mloog rau declension ntawm pronouns. Hauv German, txhua chav kawm muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, raws li qhov tseeb, hauv Lavxias, peb tsuas yog tsis xav txog nws.
| Cas | nws | we | |||||||
| Nominativ | ich | du | er | es | sie | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| Neev | meiner | deiner | seiner | seiner | ihrer | unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer |
| Dativ | mir | dir | ihm | ihm | ihr | unser | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
| Akkusativ | mich | dich | ihn | es | sie | wir | euch | sie | Sie |
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub rooj,qhov xaus nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv German thiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab yuav luag tag nrho coincide. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv declension zoo ib yam li ib tsab xov xwm meej, thiab rau cov ntaub ntawv genitive, uas nyuaj rau nco ntsoov, nws yog xyaum tsis siv. Derivatives ntawm tus kheej pronouns yog possessive pronouns. Hauv German, txhua yam ntawm no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li hauv Lavxias: lawv qhov xaus zoo ib yam li qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus tseeb, thiab hauv ntau qhov ntau - tsab xov xwm tsis tas li.
| Cas | poj niam | Neutrum | Plus | |
| Nominativ | mein Mund | dein eNas | sein Körper | unser eauge |
| Neev | mein esmund es | dein erNas | sein es Körper s | unser erauge |
| Dativ | mein emmund | dein erNas | sein em Körper | unser enauge |
| Akkusativ | mein enmund | dein eNas | sein Körper | unser eauge |
Tam sim no peb tau kawm tias lub npe yog dab tsi thiab lawv hloov pauv li cas los ntawm rooj plaub thiab poj niam txiv neej, thiab tau kawm cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev declension yuav yooj yim dua, thiab dhau sij hawm peb yuav tsis muaj teeb meem siv qhov xaus hauvhais thiab sau.
