History of faceted glass. Leej twg invented nws thiab thaum twg?

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom nrhiav tau tsawg kawg ib tsev neeg nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm yav dhau los Soviet Union, uas yuav tsis khaws ob peb, lossis ntau dua, ntsej muag tsom iav hauv lawv cov txee hauv chav ua noj. Cov khoom siv no yog ib lub cim ntawm lub sijhawm nyob deb. Tam sim no, feem ntau tsis siv lawm, tab sis txhais tes tsis sawv los pov tseg. Lub keeb kwm ntawm faceted iav, leej twg invented nws, thaum twg - tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no yog them nyob rau hauv secrets thiab legends. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav sim txiav txim siab txhua yam.

Legends about the origin of faceted glass

Ntau yam khoom thiab khoom ntawm Soviet era muaj ntau cov lus dab neeg txog lawv keeb kwm. Qhov no tsis yog bypassed los ntawm lub zoo-paub faceted iav. Keeb kwm ntawm nws creation yog shrouded nyob rau hauv ntau legends. Nov tsuas yog ob peb tug uas taug kev ncig nws lub ntsej muag.

1. Txhua tus paub lub npe ntawm tus muralist Vera Mukhina. Qhov no yog tib tus tswv uas tsim cov duab puab "Cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov ntxhais ua liaj ua teb". Yog li, raws li ib qho ntawm cov lus dab neeg, nws yog nws uas tau tsim lub iav faceted. Nws ntseeg tau tias nws tus txiv uas nws hlub tau pab nws hauv qhov no, uas nyiam hla ib khob lossis ob rau yav tsaus ntuj ntev.haus cawv.
2. Ntau tus xav tau rau cov qauv raws li Soviet engineer Nikolai Slavyanov muab nws txhais tes rau kev tsim cov iav faceted. Nws yog ib tug tswv ntawm mining, ces los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm geology. Ntawm nws cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg paub, nws paub txog kev tshawb pom hauv thaj chaw ntawm arc vuam thiab sealing ntawm castings siv hluav taws xob. Nws yog rau nws qhov zoo uas qhov kev loj hlob ntawm metallurgical kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era yog ntaus nqi. Thaum xub thawj, Slavyanov pom zoo ua iav los ntawm hlau, thiab cov kev xaiv muaj sketches ntawm cov khoom nrog 10, 20 thiab 30 lub ntsej muag. Nws tsuas yog tom qab ntawd Mukhina tau hais kom tso lub khob no hauv daim iav.
3. Lwm lus dab neeg piav txog qhov twg lub iav ntsej muag tuaj. Lub keeb kwm ntawm nws creation yog txuas nrog lub sij hawm ntawm Peter lub Great. Ib tug Vladimir glassmaker, Efim Smolin, tau nthuav tawm tsar nrog xws li iav ua khoom plig, nrog kev lees paub tias nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem tawg. Peter haus cawv los ntawm nws thiab muab pov rau hauv av, hais cov lus: "Muaj ib khob." Tab sis, hmoov tsis, lub khob tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kav tsis qhia nws txoj kev npau taws. Txij thaum ntawd los, muaj ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm kev tawg lub tais thaum lub tsiab peb caug.

lo lus "iav" los ntawm qhov twg

Tsis yog keeb kwm ntawm cov iav faceted xwb tsis meej thiab tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis lub npe ntawm cov khoom muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog nws keeb kwm.

Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nws paub tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th muaj ib lub tais uas tau ua los ntawm cov khoom me me txuas nrog cov nplhaib, thiab nws tau hu ua "dosakany". Muaj coob tus ntseeg hais tias lub npe ntawm facetedtsom iav.

Raws li lwm yam, lo lus yog los ntawm Turkic, hauv cov lus no xws li "dastarkhan", txhais tau tias lub rooj noj mov, thiab "tustygan" - lub tais tau siv. Los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ob lo lus no, lub npe ntawm iav tau sawv, uas lawv pib siv.

thawj lub khob Soviet

keeb kwm ntawm iav faceted nyob rau hauv Russia pib nyob rau hauv 1943, thaum thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub rog ntawm tsom iav tawm ntawm lub rooj sib txoos kab ntawm lub iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv Gus-Khrustalny. Ntau tus ntseeg tias daim ntawv no tsis yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb, tab sis yog qhov tsim nyog.

Nws hloov tawm tias txawm tias nyob rau lub sijhawm nyob deb, thawj lub tshuab ntxuav tais diav tau tshwm sim, uas tuaj yeem ua lawv txoj haujlwm tsuas yog thaum cov tais diav ntawm cov duab thiab qhov loj me tau raus hauv lawv. Yog li kuv yuav tsum tau tsim ib lub khob nrog cov npoo, tsis yog phab ntsa.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm "neeg txawv tebchaws" hauv tebchaws Russia

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, xyoo 1943, tsis yog thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov iav ntsej muag tau tawm ntawm cov kab sib dhos ntawm lub Hoobkas iav hauv Gus-Khrustalny, tab sis qhov qub qub. Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntsej muag iav (16 lub ntsej muag) hais tias nws tshwm sim ntev dhau los.

Cov zaub mov no tau tsim tsis nyob hauv USSR, tab sis hauv Russia, hauv xyoo pua 17th. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog cov khoom pov thawj khaws cia hauv Hermitage.

Qhia meej txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsom iav thiab cov lus hais hauv cov lus qhuab qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm tub rog, uas tau luam tawm los ntawm Paul I thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus huab tais tab tom sim hloov kho cov tub rog, uas nyob deb ntawm kev npaj ua rog tag nrho, thiab txiav txim siab nrog lub iav ntsej muag.txwv tsis pub haus cawv txhua hnub uas cov tub rog hauv pab tub rog tso siab rau.

Muaj kev xav tias keeb kwm ntawm iav faceted tsis txuas nrog Russia txhua. Qhov kev lees paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov no yog duab los ntawm Diego Velascas hu ua "Breakfast".

Ntawm lub rooj koj tuaj yeem pom cov iav ntsej muag, tsuas yog cov npoo tsis ntsug, tab sis me ntsis arched. Yog tias koj saib lub sijhawm pleev xim, thiab qhov no yog xyoo 1617-1618, ces nws tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias lub ntsej muag iav, nws keeb kwm tsis txuas nrog Russia txhua, tab sis nrog txawv teb chaws.

Qhov tseeb no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txoj kev ua iav uas tau siv hauv USSR tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1820 nkaus xwb - txoj kev nias. Kev tsim khoom siv cov thev naus laus zis no tau tsim tawm hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab nws tuaj rau Russia tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 20th.

Dab tsi yog qhov zais cia ntawm lub khob siab zog?

Soviet faceted tsom iav tsis tau tsuas yog muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj thiab tsis plam hauv tes, tab sis kuj tseem ruaj khov. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm phab ntsa tuab, nrog rau kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb.

Cov khoom siv raw rau kev ua iav rau cov iav ntsej muag tau ua kom sov ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1400-1600 degrees, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tua thiab txiav tau ua tiav siv cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb. Muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum cov hlau lead, uas feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv lead ua cov tais diav, tau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw kom muaj zog.

Kev tsim cov iav ntsej muag

iav Hoobkas pib tsim cov iav ntawm ntau qhov sib txawvthiab muaj ntau lub ntsej muag sib txawv. Lub ntim yuav txawv ntawm 50 ml mus rau 250, thiab lub ntsej muag yog los ntawm 8 mus rau 14.

keeb kwm classic ntawm faceted iav suav nrog cov khoom ntim ntawm 250 ml thiab muaj 10 lub ntsej muag. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom ua kua.

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, iav factories pib hloov cov khoom nrog cov tuaj txawv teb chaws, uas ua rau poob ntawm ib txwm zoo ntawm faceted iav.

Lub khob, uas txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj lub zog zoo heev, tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias thiab poob ntawm lub rooj, pib tawg ntawm ob sab. Ib txhia poob hauv qab. Tus neeg ua txhaum raug suav hais tias yog kev ua txhaum ntawm kev tsim technology.

yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsom iav ntsej muag

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog leej twg tsim lub ntsej muag iav, keeb kwm thiab cov tsos hauv Russia kuj tsis sib xws, tab sis cov yam ntxwv tseem nyob ib yam. Thiab lawv txawv ntawm lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws.

• Txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws yog los ntawm 7.2 txog 7.3 cm.
• kab hauv qab ntawm iav - 5.5 cm.
• Qhov siab ntawm cov khoom iav yog 10.5 centimeters.
• Tus naj npawb ntawm lub ntsej muag feem ntau yog 16 lossis 20.
• Muaj ib ntug nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm iav, qhov dav ntawm 1.4 txog 2.1 cm.

Tag nrho cov iav niaj hnub Soviet tsim tawm ntawm cov iav sib txawv muaj cov yam ntxwv no.

Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov iav ntsej muag tshaj lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws

Nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm yav dhau los Soviet Union, lub ntsej muag iav yog dav,vim nws qhov zoo tshaj nws cov phooj ywg.

1. Tsis txhob dov tawm ntawm lub rooj, piv txwv li, ntawm lub nkoj hiav txwv thaum lub sij hawm pitching thiab tsiv hla nthwv dej.
2. Nrov nrov hauv cov chaw ua noj ua haus vim nws lub zog ua haujlwm siab.
3. Drinkers nyiam yam khoom no vim nws yooj yim faib lub raj mis ntawm peb tus neeg. Yog tias koj nchuav dej mus rau ntawm ntug, ces tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm ib nrab-liter lub raj mis muab tso rau hauv ib khob.
4. Cov iav nyob twj ywm thaum poob ntawm qhov siab zoo. Lub zog zoo li no tau piav qhia meej los ntawm qhov muaj cov npoo uas muab cov cuab yeej no rau iav tsis yooj yim.

Lub neej niaj hnub ntawm lub ntsej muag iav

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm lub faceted iav yog ib tug indispensable attribute ntawm txhua txhua chav ua noj, tam sim no nws tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim mus nrhiav tau xws li cov tais diav. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias feem ntau cov tuam txhab iav tau txiav cov khoom no.

Ntawm lub Hoobkas hauv Gus-Khrustalny, qhov twg, raws li keeb kwm ntawm faceted iav hais tias, thawj tus neeg sawv cev tau tsim, lwm cov iav yog tsim tawm uas yog pob tshab, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog faceted. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Soviet era tsuas yog tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim.

Tam sim no rau qee tus, lub iav ntsej muag yog lub sijhawm los lom zem rau pej xeem thiab ua kom nto moo rau lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv 2005, nyob rau hauv kev ua koob tsheej ntawm lub nroog hnub nyob rau hauv Izhevsk, lub siab ntauwd ntawm yuav luag 2.5 meters siab tau tsim los ntawm faceted tsom iav. 2024 iav tau mus rau qhov kev tsim kho. Lub tswv yim tau koom nrog ib lub tsev distilleryHoobkas.

Npaj ntaub ntawv hais txog faceted iav

Tsis hais txog keeb kwm ntawm cov iav faceted hauv Russia, nws ib txwm tau siv ntau dua li nws lub hom phiaj. Cov poj niam ntawm lub tsev kawm qub qee zaum pom qhov siv tsis tau zoo tshaj plaws rau nws.

1. Ntse nrov tshaj plaws yog kev txiav cov blanks rau dumplings, dumplings nrog nws. Yog tias xav tau ib txoj kab uas loj dua, ces lub khob loj tau muab coj los siv, thiab yog tias tsim nyog, cov pawg tau siv. Txawm hais tias tam sim no muaj ntau yam khoom siv los pab txhawb txoj haujlwm no, ntau tus niam tsev tsis tau tso tseg siv lub iav qub thiab txhim khu kev qha rau qhov no.
2. Faceted iav nyob rau hauv lub Soviet chav ua noj yog ib tug universal ntsuas rau ntsuas. Hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm ua noj ua haus qub, cov khoom ua noj tsis yog ntsuas hauv grams, tab sis hauv iav.
3. Tsis txawv txav - kev siv cov iav ntsej muag ua lub dehumidifier. Feem ntau nws tuaj yeem pom sawv ntawm ob lub thav duab hauv lub caij ntuj no. Ntsev tau nchuav rau hauv lub khob kom lub qhov rais tsis khov. Tam sim no ntau thiab ntau zaus, es tsis txhob ntoo thav ntawv, hnab yas flaunt ntawm peb lub qhov rais, yog li tsis muaj qhov chaw rau lub khob faceted.
4. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov tau yoog los siv cov iav ntsej muag rau kev cog qoob loo. Lawv saib zoo nkauj dua, tsis txhob tso cov khib nyiab pov tseg, tsis zoo li peat khob.
5. Lub khob tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov pom qhov tshwm sim: yog tias koj nchuav dej rau hauv nws thiab tso ib lub teaspoon, nws zoo li tawg.

Qhov no yog li cas iav tau siv nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txawm hais tias qee txoj kev siv tau raug khaws cia txawm tias tam sim no, thiab tsis muaj leej twg xav txog leej twg tsim lub iav faceted. Hauv cov chav ua noj niaj hnub no, cov tais diav niaj hnub nthuav tawm ntawm cov txee, uas zoo li zoo dua li lub iav ntsej muag, tab sis ntau tus niam tsev, yog tias lawv muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv lawv cov pantries, tsis txhob maj mus tshem tawm.

iav Facts

Muaj qee qhov tseeb uas cuam tshuam nrog iav ntsej muag. Nov yog qee qhov ntawm lawv:

1. Tus nqi ntawm cov tais diav no nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg lub ntsej muag. Ib khob nrog 10 sab nqi 3 kopecks, thiab nrog 16 sab - 7 kopecks. Lub ntim tsis nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg lub ntsej muag, nws ib txwm tsis hloov pauv - 250 ml.
2. Kev sib kis ntawm kev qaug cawv hauv Moldova cuam tshuam nrog lub khob ntsej muag. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ua rau nws pom tau tias ua ntej lub teb chaws tau dim ntawm Nazis los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, cov pej xeem haus los ntawm 50 ml khob me me, thiab cov Russians nqa nrog lawv capacious (250 ml) faceted iav.
3. Soviet faceted iav tau nrov hu ua "Malenkovsky". Kws muaj txuj ci Minister Malenkov tau tshaj tawm ib qho kev txiav txim raws li ib tug tub rog tau muab 200 ml ntawm vodka. Txawm hais tias txoj cai zoo li no tsis kav ntev, nws tau nco qab los ntawm ntau tus.

Ntawm no yog qee qhov tseeb uas tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov iav ntsej muag.

Festival of faceted iav

Peb tau tshuaj xyuas kom meej thiab nco ntsoov lub iav ntsej muag (keeb kwm, muaj pes tsawg lub ntsej muag), tab sis pom tau tias daim iav no muaj nws tus kheejhnub so.

Nws ua kev zoo siab txhua xyoo rau lub Cuaj Hlis 11th. Hnub no tau raug xaiv vim li cas, nws yog nyob rau hnub no uas cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm cov tais diav tau pib ntawm lub Hoobkas iav hauv Gus-Khrustalny. Hnub so hnub so no tsis suav hais tias yog nom tswv, es, hnub so pej xeem, yog li tsis muaj kev zoo siab heev nrog rau nws.

Lavxias teb sab ib txwm tsis xav nrhiav qhov laj thawj los so nrog ib khob cawv, tab sis ntawm no, raws li kev ntseeg, xws li hnub so, tsuas yog kev txhaum tsis haus. Nov yog yam uas yuav tau txais los ntawm kev ua koob tsheej.

• Los ntawm cov iav ntsej muag nws yuav tsum haus vodka nkaus xwb, lwm yam dej cawv tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khob khob no.
• Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob haus ib leeg, tab sis ib txwm nyob hauv tuam txhab, vim hais tias cov lus "xav txog peb" yog txuam nrog iav faceted.
• Ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm hnub so no yog rhuav "tus phab ej" ntawm kev ua koob tsheej rau hauv pem teb.
• Nws yuav zoo rau nco ntsoov tias cov iav ntsej muag zoo meej rau haus tshuaj yej, jelly, compote thiab dej. Txhua leej txhua tus nco txog cov iav no hauv lub khob tuav hauv lub tsheb ciav hlau.

Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm "faceted iav", "keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws" koj tuaj yeem muab cov cim sib npaug. Ob lub tswv yim no yog inextricably txuas. Kuv xav pom ntau yam khoom plig Nobel rau qhov kev tsim kho zoo li no, thiab tsis ua kom nws ua tus cwj pwm tas mus li ntawm txhua lub koob tsheej.