Ib tug neeg, ua ib feem ntawm noosphere, raug yuam kom daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Cov kev tshawb fawb uas txiav txim siab thiab txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntuj tsim rau cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab lwm yam kev ua neej, hu ua ecology. Rau kev kawm ntxaws ntxiv ntawm lawv, qhov kev qhuab qhia lom neeg no tau muab faib ua cov ceg: synecology, autecology, dedemecology, human ecology.
Lawv tau koom ua ke thiab yog ib feem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke uas suav nrog tsis yog ntu ntawm ecology nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm yam kev tshawb fawb: kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kab lus no yuav mob siab rau kev kawm cov ceg ntawm ib puag ncig kev tshawb fawb thiab txiav txim siab lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tsiaj qus.
Ntu ntawm ecology thiab lawv cov lus piav qhia luv luv
Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev qhuab qhia yog kev kawm tob thiab ntau dua ntawm ntau yam ntawm kev tshawb fawb: lom neeg, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, kev tsom mus raupeculiarities ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab cov kab mob nrog lawv cov vaj tse dav dav raws li kev tshawb fawb. Ntu ntawm ecology daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem hauv biogeocenoses. Geoecology txiav txim siab txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov zej zog nyob hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb: nyob rau hauv roob, cov dej tshiab, dej hiav txwv, thiab lwm yam.
Teeb meem ntawm ecology dav dav
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog kev kawm txog cov peev txheej ntuj los ntawm theem ntawm lawv lub koom haum. Xws li ib feem raws li autecology systematizes ntau yam tshwm sim ntawm ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob, delimiting lawv mus rau hauv abiotic, biotic thiab anthropogenic yam. Nws paub tias qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb npaum li cas, kev teeb pom kev zoo thiab dej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tshuaj xyuas cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv ob qho tib si hauv cov pej xeem thiab ntawm qib biogeocenosis.
Synecology, zoo ib yam li lwm ntu ntawm ecology niaj hnub no, tshawb txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm biogeocenosis ntawm qib ntawm pawg kab mob ntawm ntau hom kab mob lom. Lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li kev sib nrig sib, parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib puag ncig yam uas kawm nyob rau theem ntawm ecology yog refracted los ntawm lub neej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau yam kab mob, uas yog lawv lub hauv paus sib txawv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ua, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv climatology, av science los yog hydrology.
Demecology yog tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm biocenosis
Qhov noceg ntawm ib puag ncig kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom ntawm lub ntsiab structural unit ntawm nyob xwm - cov pejxeem. Lub tswv yim no npog ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tib hom kab mob uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam - ib cheeb tsam. Kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb, zoo li lwm cov ceg loj ntawm ecology, faib cov pej xeem mus rau hauv zos, thaj chaw, thiab hom tsiaj txhu. Nws kuj tseem kawm paub meej txog cov khoom ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zej zog raws li lub peev xwm los tsim thiab hloov zuj zus, qhia txog lawv cov ntau yam - mus tas li thiab lub cev. Cov tom kawg hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm phylogenesis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov neeg nyob ruaj khov lossis tshem tawm.
Yuav ua li cas cov zej zog sib txawv txawv
Qhov laj thawj txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia yog synecology. Nws, zoo li lwm ntu ntawm cov ecology dav dav, txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob ntawm ntau hom tsiaj uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolution. Lawv cuam tshuam cov hierarchy ntawm ecosystems thiab muaj cov subordinate theem. Kev kawm txog lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov kab mob, cov tsiaj txhu hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob yog ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov qauv uas npaj rau hauv biocenoses.
Cov kab mob ua li cas hloov mus rau qhov hloov ib puag ncig?
Peb yuav tau txais cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no los ntawm kev txiav txim siab cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm ecology, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev qhuab qhia xws li autecology. Nws tsim ntau yam postulates uas piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv, piv txwv li, txoj cai ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, uas tsim rau txhua tus kab mob cov ciaj ciam ntawm nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb rau txhua yam abiotic yam (yog li ntawd.hu ua tolerance limits). Qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw nyob no hu ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nov yog thaj chaw uas muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tshaj plaws rau lub cev muaj sia.
Vim qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud hauv kev tshawb fawb, nws tau los ua qhov tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem hloov kho uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm physicochemical thiab radioactive paug ntawm biosphere.
Human impact on biogeocenoses
Nws tau kawm tiav los ntawm ntau qhov kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb, uas suav nrog ntu ntawm kev siv ecology. Raws li ib tug neeg tsim kev lag luam thiab infrastructure, kev ua liaj ua teb. hloov cov tsos ntawm ntuj complexes? Yuav ua li cas daim ntawv thov ntawm qhov tseeb nanotechnologies hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb? Cov ntu hauv qab no ntawm ecology muab peb cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no: txoj kev xav ntawm cov tshuab dag, hauv nroog ecology, thiab biospherology. Anthropogenic yam, ob qho tib si ncaj qha (piv txwv li, kev ua qias tuaj ntawm hydrosphere nrog kev lag luam thiab cov dej ntws hauv tsev, kev ua kom tsis muaj hav zoov, kev yos hav zoov), thiab tsis ncaj (piv txwv li, kev tsim cov seas dag - reservoirs, plowing ntawm av, ua rau erosion thiab salinization ntawm cov av. av, tso dej ntawm swamps), hloov qhov sib npaug ntawm ntuj biosystems - biocenoses thiab yog ib qho kev hem thawj rau lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Phau Ntawv Liab yog qhov tseeb tseeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua txhaum cai, ua rau kev ploj tuag thiab tuag ntawm ntau hom kab mob lom.
Kev Pom Zoo rau Kev Siv Ecology
Nov yog kev lag luam hluasscience, suav nrog hauv ntu ntawm ecology. Cov lus hauv qab no txhais tau hais tias tag nrho nws cov ceg ntoo cuam tshuam nrog thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm zej zog nrog cov tsiaj qus.
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Theoretical ecology |
Kev ecology | YSynecology, dedemecology, autecology |
| YBioecology | YBiospherology, ecology ntawm cov kab mob nyob, paleoecology | |
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Applied ecology |
Nkauj ncig teb chaws | Geological, atmospheric |
| Technoecology | Teb, kev tsim kho | |
| Socioecology | YEco-kev kawm, eco-law, eco-kab lis kev cai |
Yog li, bioresource thiab kev lag luam ecology muaj cov txheej txheem maj mam ntawm kev siv cov av ua liaj ua teb, hav zoov, hiav txwv thiab lwm yam ecosystems, uas yog tswj xyuas lawv cov fertility thiab productivity.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv nroog ecology
Kawm ntau lub tuam tsev ntawm ecology, cia peb tsom mus rau kev qhuab qhia uas qhia txog cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim hauv nroog ib puag ncig thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev tsim kho hauv nroog thiab biogeocenosis, uas cov txheej txheem hauv nroog tshwm sim. Cov kab ke ntawm cov cua sov thiab dej, cov kav dej phwj tuaj, kev thauj mus los, thaj chaw rau kev pov tseg cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev yog tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej, raws li txoj cai, tsis suav nrog kev nyab xeeb ntawm ntuj complexes. Yog li ntawd, ploj mushav zoov hav zoov hav zoov, cov dej ntiav dej, txo qis ntawm cov kab, noog thiab tsiaj me me nyob hauv ecosystem. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub megacities yog cov loj loj-nce conglomerates ua los ntawm yas, iav thiab pob zeb. Lawv yog neeg txawv teb chaws kiag li rau natural biosystems.
Urboecology sim nrhiav pom tau, cuam tshuam txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroog uas twb tau tsim lawm, thiab tseem txiav txim siab qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau kev txhim kho megacities tshiab, suav nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntuj ecosystems: cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Kev tshawb fawb tseem kwv yees qhov tshwm sim ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no thiab saib xyuas lub xeev ntawm av, dej thiab huab cua hauv nroog loj.
