Cov kws tshaj lij microscopes siv cov lo ntsiab muag kho qhov muag, uas qee qhov txwv lawv txoj haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb xws li cov cuab yeej yooj yim uas feem ntau nthuav tawm ntawm kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom siv no. Rau lub hom phiaj siab dua, cov kws tshaj lij electron microscopes tam sim no muaj uas siv cov cuab yeej ua kom pom tseeb dua thiab tso cov duab ntawm lub computer screen.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej no rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Nrog nws cov kev pab, muaj ntau yam kab mob tshiab, kab mob, kab mob, kab mob tau tshawb pom, ntau lub cev kev cai lij choj raug soj ntsuam txog cov molecular thiab atomic yam ntawm lub ntiaj teb no cov khoom, thiab lwm yam.
Kev xaiv
Lwm txoj rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag uas tsis siv lub teeb pom kev suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas electron microscopy, xa hluav taws xob thiabscanning probing.
Regular
Ib tus kws tshaj lij lub tshuab ntsuas ntsuas siv lub lens lossis teeb lub lo ntsiab muag kom nthuav dav ib yam khoom nrog tsuas yog angular amplification, muab rau tus saib cov duab ntsug. Kev siv ib lub lens convex lossis pab pawg ntawm cov lo ntsiab muag tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom siv yooj yim xws li tsom iav tsom iav, loupes thiab eyepieces rau telescopes thiab cov kws tshaj lij hauv chav kuaj microscopes.
Hom kab mob no siv ib lub lo ntsiab muag (feem ntau yog ib feem peb) ntawm ib sab ntawm cov khoom kom khaws lub teeb nyob ib puag ncig nws. Nws tsom rau cov duab tiag hauv lub tshuab microscope. Nws yog tom qab ntawd nthuav dav siv lub lens thib ob lossis pab pawg ntawm lo ntsiab muag (hu ua eyepiece), uas tso cai rau tus neeg saib pom ib qho inverted virtual version ntawm cov khoom. Siv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub hom phiaj / eyepiece tso cai rau koj kom nws nce ntxiv. Professional biological microscopes ntawm hom no feem ntau muaj interchangeable lo ntsiab muag tso cai rau tus neeg siv kom sai kho qhov magnification. Lub tshuab tsom iav ua ke kuj tseem muab cov teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws xws li theem sib piv.
Stereo
Ib lub tso suab, stereoscopic lossis dissecting microscope yog qhov txawv ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas qhov muag uas tsim los rau kev soj ntsuam qis ntawm cov qauv, feem ntau yog siv lub teeb pom kev los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib qho khoom es tsis xa los ntawm nws. Cov cuab yeej siv 2 txoj kev kho qhov muag sib cais nrog ob lub qhov muag thiab lub qhov muag kom muab qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm qhov muag sab laug thiab sab xis.
Qhov layout no muabpeb-dimensional visualization ntawm cov qauv xeem. Stereomicroscopy overrides macro photography rau kev ntes thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom kuaj nrog txoj kab saum toj kawg nkaus uas yuav tsum muaj 3D sawv cev rau kev tsom xam.
Lub stereomicroscope feem ntau yog siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv los yog rau cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam xws li kev txiav, microsurgery, watchmaking, circuit board fabrication, thiab crack surface inspection, ob leeg hauv fractography thiab forensics. Yog li, lawv tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam lossis kev tsim khoom, cov khoom siv raw khoom thiab kev tswj kom zoo. Stereo microscopes yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv entomology.
Stereomicroscope yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nrog ob lub qhov muag thiab binoveaver. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug kws microscope, ob lub qhov muag pom tib daim duab, nrog ob lub qhov muag ua hauj lwm los muab kev nplij siab saib ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab hauv cov cuab yeej zoo li no tsis txawv ntawm cov duab tau siv ib qho khoom siv monocular.
sib piv
Comparative microscope yog ib qho cuab yeej siv los tshuaj xyuas ib sab. Nws muaj ob lub microscopes txuas los ntawm tus choj kho qhov muag, ua rau lub qhov rais sib cais tso cai rau ob qho khoom sib cais los saib tib lub sijhawm. Qhov no ua rau nws ua tau rau tus neeg soj ntsuam tsis txhob cia siab rau lub cim xeeb thaum muab piv rau ob yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho khoom siv. Cov cuab yeej zoo li nopom ntawm cov kws kho mob microscopes.
Ib lub tshuab ntsuas inverted (inverted) yog ib qho khoom siv nrog lub teeb ci thiab lub capacitor nyob rau saum toj, saum toj "theem" nyob hauv qab, uas yog, cov qauv raug kuaj xyuas hauv qab ntawm lub thawv kuaj. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1850 los ntawm J. Lawrence Smith, tus kws qhia ntawm Tulane University (hu ua Louisiana Medical College).
Intermediate
Tus Kws Tshaj Lij Nruab Nrab Nruab Nrab Microscope yog ib qho cuab yeej rau kev ntsuas hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav nrog qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig 0.01mm. Qhov raug yog xws li cov cuab yeej zoo dua muaj cov ntsuas ntsuas ua los ntawm Invar kom tsis txhob nyeem yuam kev vim qhov cuam tshuam thermal.
Cov cuab yeej muaj lub tshuab tsom rau ntawm ob txoj hlua txuas nrog lub hauv paus nruj heev. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau los ntawm zawv zawg raws cov ntsia hlau, lossis tsawg kawg los ntawm kev tig lub hau. Lub eyepiece yog nruab nrog cov crosshairs meej los txhim kho txoj haujlwm zoo, uas yog tom qab ntawd nyeem los ntawm vernier nplai.
Qee cov twj paj nruag, xws li cov kws tshaj lij hauv British microscopes ua rau xyoo 1960, kuj ntsuas vertically. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav yog txhawm rau tsom cov cim siv nrog ntau qhov tseeb dua li qhov ua tau ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam los ntsuas qhov refractive index ntawm cov kua sivgeometric tswvyim ntawm ray optics.
Nws kuj yog siv los ntsuas qhov deb heev, xws li txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub raj capillary. Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab tam sim no tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kho qhov muag uas muaj tseeb dua thiab raug nqi tsawg dua los tsim.
Travel (portable)
Lub tshuab tsom mus ncig muaj lub Vee-top nto-kho cam khwb cia hlau puag thiab tau nruab nrog peb qhov kev hloov kho. Lub laub hlau txuas nrog lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav-loaded pas nrig nrog cov txuas nrog vernier thiab nyeem lo ntsiab muag raws li ib qho hlau scale strip. Cov tom kawg muab faib ua ib nrab millimeter. Txhua qhov kev hloov kho yog tsim nrog lub micrometer ntsia hlau rau kev nyeem kom raug.
Lub tshuab tsom iav raj muaj 10x eyepieces thiab 15mm lossis 50mm lossis 75mm lub hom phiaj. Lub tshuab microscope nrog mounting iav yog mounted rau ib tug ntsug swb, uas kuj ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug txuas ntsug scale vernier.
Lub cuab yeej pub dawb tig rau ntawm lub dav hlau ntsug. Vertical guide beam yog txuas nrog kab rov tav microscope carriage. Rau kev tuav cov khoom, ib theem kab rov tav yog muab rau hauv lub hauv paus, ua los ntawm cov ntawv milky monolithic (polycarbonate).
Petrographic
A petrographic microscope yog ib hom optics siv hauv petrology thiab kho qhov muag mineralogy los txheeb xyuas cov pob zeb thiab cov ntxhia hauv cov ntu nyias. Microscopesiv nyob rau hauv petrography, ib ceg ntawm petrology uas tsom rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws piav qhia ntawm pob zeb. Cov txheej txheem hu ua polarized light microscopy (PLM).
Nyob ntawm qib kev soj ntsuam xav tau, petrological microscopes yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv teb nrog cov peev txheej zoo sib xws. Kev siv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob no yog qhov dav.
Phase contrast microscopy
Nws yog cov txheej txheem kho qhov muag microscopy uas hloov cov theem hloov hauv lub teeb dhau los ntawm cov qauv pob tshab rau hauv kev hloov pauv hauv cov duab ci. Kev hloov theem tsis pom ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis pom thaum lawv pom tias yog qhov hloov pauv hauv qhov ci.
txheej txheem no feem ntau ua nrog cov kws tshaj lij mounting microscopes. Thaum lub teeb nthwv dej hla qhov chaw uas tsis yog lub tshuab nqus tsev, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog qhov nruab nrab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub amplitude thiab theem ntawm nthwv dej, nyob ntawm seb qhov khoom ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Kev hloov pauv hauv amplitude (brightness) yog vim qhov tawg thiab nqus ntawm lub teeb, uas feem ntau yog nyob ntawm wavelength thiab tuaj yeem ua rau xim. Cov khoom siv yees duab thiab tib neeg lub qhov muag tsuas yog rhiab heev rau kev hloov pauv hauv amplitude. Yog li, tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, theem kev hloov pauv tsis pom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb no feem ntau muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.
Phase contrast microscopy yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv biology. Nws qhia tau hais tias muaj ntau lub cellular qauv uas tsis pom nrog ib tug yooj yim microscope nrogci teb, raws li qhia hauv daim duab. Cov qauv no tau pom yav dhau los rau cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los ntawm staining, tab sis qhov no xav tau kev npaj ntxiv, uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlwb.
Lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb biologist los kawm txog cov cell nyob thiab seb lawv loj hlob li cas los ntawm lawv qhov kev faib tawm. Tom qab nws tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1930s, theem contrast microscopy ua pov thawj rau xws li ib tug ua ntej nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb uas nws inventor, Fritz Zernike, twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics nyob rau hauv 1953.
fluorescent
A fluorescence microscope yog ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag uas siv fluorescence thiab phosphorescence es tsis yog los yog ntxiv rau kev tawg, kev xav thiab attenuation lossis nqus los kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov organic lossis inorganic tshuaj.
hom optic no yog hais txog txhua lub tshuab tsom iav uas siv cov fluorescence los tsim cov duab, txawm tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim teeb xws li cov khoom siv epifluorescence los yog cov qauv tsim ntau dua li confocal uas siv optical sib cais los daws cov duab fluorescent zoo dua. Cov khoom siv no feem ntau yog siv los hloov pauv rau cov kws tshaj lij digital microscopes.
