Lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab cov koom haum raws li kev siv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raws li cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm (cov ntawv luv luv - "NOT "). TSIS yog ib lo lus nquag siv nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm USSR thiab qub Soviet koom pheej. Txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Western Europe, lub sij hawm SOP tau dhau los ua ntau dua - lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm ntau lawm. Muab tus kheej ntawm ob nqe lus, nws yuav raug hais txog lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tsim khoom.
Overseas Development History
Lub koom haum ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim ntau dua 100 xyoo dhau los, tau dhau mus dhau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai thiab kev voj voog ntawm stagnation. Lub ntsiab lus pib hauv kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem yog suav tias yog qhov kawg ntawm 19th pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis dav dav xav tau kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis ua haujlwm siabkhoom siv. Qhov no nyuaj rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lag luam thiab nce tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, tau txais kev lag luam ua kua ua lag luam tsuas yog ua tau thaum siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Kev txiav txim siab yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev ua lej nruj, thiab tsis tau ua los ntawm kev kwv yees ntxhib, "los ntawm qhov muag". Txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab yog lub hlwb ntawm thawj tus kws tshaj lij engineers ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam.
tsev kawm kev ntseeg siab
Lub sijhawm txhim kho - 1885-1920. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb yog Frederick Taylor, Frank thiab Lillian Gilbreth. Cov innovators tseem ceeb yog Henry Gant, Harrington Emerson thiab Henry Ford. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem yog kev ntsuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm, kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm txav tau ua tiav. Cov qauv tsim tau tsim. Hom kev ua haujlwm tau zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem them nyiaj tau thov.
Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Txhim Kho
Xyoo ua haujlwm - 1920-1950. Cov neeg sawv cev - Henri Fayol, James Mooney thiab Max Weber. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm cuam tshuam txog kev tshawb fawb hauv kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj hwm siv tau rau txhua lub tshuab. Muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom, peb tau txiav txim siab lub koom haum cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom uas tau ua tiav rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tib Neeg Kev Sib Raug Zoo
Nquag tsim nyob rau xyoo 1930s-1950s, tom qab hloov pauv mus rau qhov paub zoo thiab tam sim no mus rau lub koom haum tshawb fawbkev tswj xyuas haujlwm. Mary Parker, Elton Mayo thiab Abraham Maslow. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau ntawm kev kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb, uas tau suav tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum zoo. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua tiav. Cov tswv yim coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub koom haum tau kawm.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau cov qauv niaj hnub tshwm sim - lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev tswj kev tshawb fawb, "7-S" txoj kev xav, "Z" txoj kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia, lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ib qho txheej txheem tas li ntawm kev txhim kho txhua qhov txuas ntawm cov saw hlau ntau lawm.
Kev txhim kho hauv kev tsim khoom hauv tsev
Chronologically, lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev tau ua raws li cov theem tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
- Kev txhim kho ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsim riam phom, tsim los ntawm suav G. I. Shuvalov xyoo 1761 ntawm Tula caj npab Hoobkas.
- Tsim ib qho kev qhia "kev txawj ntse" hauv xyoo 1868, hu ua "Lavxias system". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev sib cais ntawm kev cob qhia kev cob qhia thiab kev cob qhia lub Hoobkas. Thaum pib, kev cob qhia theoretical tau ua nrog cov ntsiab lus siv tau. Tom qab ntawd cov txuj ci uas tau txais tau sib sau ua ke hauv kev tsim khoom tiag.
- Los ntawm 1921-1927, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib koom ua ke (linear-functional) kev tswj hwm tau qhia. Cov tuam haujlwm tswj hwm kev lag luam tshiab tau tsim: kev txheeb cais, kev faib tawm, kev sib tham, kev npaj, kev tswj xyuas kev tswj hwm, thiab lwm yam.
- Thaum pib30s Professor V. M. Ioffe tau tsim thawj qhov kev faib tawm ntawm kev txav mus los, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
- Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev npaj ua haujlwm thiab xa tawm, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum (txhua hnub thiab teev sijhawm rau cov chaw haujlwm) tau tsim kho.
- Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, thaj tsam ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam tshwj xeeb automated tswj systems thiab automated workstations (AWS) sai sai.
- Nyob rau yav tom ntej, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tsim khoom tau sib xyaw ua ke, uas tsim kom muaj qhov chaw tsim khoom yooj yim.
txheej txheem txheej txheem
Lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev kho tshiab thiab kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lag luam (private lossis pej xeem, kev lag luam lossis tsis yog lag luam). Nws theem muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev lag luam ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm cov peev txheej siv nyiaj kom ua tiav cov peev txheej ntawm kev lag luam.
Nyob rau hauv lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem sib txawv, cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem uas ua kom pom tseeb tshaj plaws kev faib tawm thiab siv ntau yam peev txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (nrog rau kev ua haujlwm). Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom ua tiav cov neeg ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib txuasntau lawm. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev kwv yees ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm. Muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm ntau lawm (siv cov txheej txheem siab tshaj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntws tswj).
Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm TSIS yog kev siv cov khoom tsim tawm (kev ua haujlwm) hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau daws nws, chav kawm ntawm cov haujlwm ntxiv yog siv, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:
- Economic bloc. Kev txhim kho ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm (qhov chaw tsim khoom tag nrho), kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kho cov txheej txheem, txo lub sijhawm poob thaum ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam.
- Psychophysiological block. Tsim kom muaj qhov hloov pauv tau yooj yim thiab ergonomic ib puag ncig rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, hais txog kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nkag siab, ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
- Social bloc. Kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem uas ua rau kev ua haujlwm txaus nyiam thiab muaj txiaj ntsig (theem ntawm cov nyiaj hli, nyiaj them ntxiv thiab nyiaj pub dawb, hloov sijhawm nyiaj txiag).
Influencing factors
Nyob rau hauv kev coj ua ntawm kev tsim khoom, NOT system yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:
- degree ntawm kev txhim kho cov cuab tam ruaj;
- zoo meej ntawm kev tsim khoom siv tshuab (khoom kho khoom);
- yam ntxwv ntawm txoj hauv kev rau lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom (nrawm, ntws, hloov pauv tau);
- tus qauv tswj hwm tus qauv;
- theem npaj cog cog;
- txhim kho cov peev txheej muab khoom;
- qib pab tsim khoom;
- muaj cov txheej txheem los txiav txim siab txog kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tsim cov chaw tsim khoom.
System Orientation
Cov lus qhia ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej xav tau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam. Xav txog qhov nto moo tshaj plaws thiab ntau:
- kev siv cov qauv tsim nyog ntawm kev ua haujlwm (kev koom tes, kev tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam);
- siv cov kev saib yav tom ntej rau thaj chaw ua haujlwm ("5S" thiab "TPM", lean manufacturing method, thiab lwm yam);
- kev ua kom poob zoo thaum tsim cov khoom tshiab;
- txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom;
- kev txhim kho ntawm kev txhawb nqa mechanisms;
- txais yuav cov txheej txheem nce qib kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog tsim nyog;
- txhim kho kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua;
- tsim kom muaj kev qhuab qhia kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm;
- siv cov qauv ua haujlwm zoo rau cov neeg ua haujlwm sib txawv;
- kho cov txheej txheem rationing.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Yuav kom siv tau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum ua raws li qee qhov kev cai (cov ntsiab lus), uas suav nrog:
- Science - kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau sijhawm, kev siv cov cuab yeej nce qib(cov khoom siv) rau kev tshawb fawb, ua tiav cov kev suav tsim nyog siv cov qauv lej rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm. Tso cai kom txo qis kev tswj hwm ntau dhau, kev txiav txim siab tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj peev xwm hauv kev tswj hwm kev tshawb fawb thiab lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
- Plannedness - kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov nrawm thiab nplai ntawm kev txhim kho TSIS raws li kev tshawb fawb uas twb muaj lawm.
- Complexity - koom nrog kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau txhua qhov kev lag luam, txhua pawg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov haujlwm. Muaj qhov zoo sib xws nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib ua feem hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom.
- Continuity - txhais tau tias kev siv tas li ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsim khoom (qhia txog cov khoom siv tshiab, kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab) yuav tsum tau ua nrog rau kev siv GOT cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv yuav tsum ua raws li qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob.
- Normativity - suav nrog kev sib txuas ntawm txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm TSIS TAU nrog cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm tam sim no thiab cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. Uas, nyob rau hauv lem, txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tswj lub moj khaum thiab mechanisms rau nws creation.
- Efficiency - kev siv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, hais txog cov khoom siv, kev ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam nqi, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev daws teeb meem. Kev txo qis thiab qib tom ntej ntawm ntau yam kev poob thiab cov nqi tsis txaus ntseeg.
Ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no ua kom muaj kev tsim cov hauv paus ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim khoom.
Common functions
Lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev siv cov txheej txheem tshiab hauv lub sijhawm. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev xav ntawm TSIS yog cov haujlwm uas tau siv hauv cov txheej txheem thiab cuam tshuam rau cov khoom tsim khoom, suav nrog tib neeg. Cov hom haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Kev txuag nyiaj. Kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom (kev ua haujlwm) raws li kev txuag cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom (lub sijhawm, cov khoom tiav ib nrab, cov khoom siv, cov khoom seem, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob).
- Kev ua kom zoo. Ua kom ntseeg tau qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm (kev tsim nyog sib haum rau qib ntawm cov cuab yeej siv). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev them nyiaj nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom.
- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Kev xaiv tus kws tshaj lij rau ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem raug ntawm kev ntsuas ntau thiab zoo thiab kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim nyog.
- Kev nyab xeeb. Nws suav nrog kev tsim cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.
- Kev sib haum xeeb. Txhua yam rau qhov tshaj tawm tshaj tawm ntawm kev tshaj lij thiab muaj tswv yim tshwj xeeb, sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib txawv (lub cev thiab kev txawj ntse).
- kab lis kev cai. Kev siv cov qauv kev tswj hwm kev ywj pheej, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom.
- Ua kom muaj zog. Kev txhim kho ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm cov tswv yim pib los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig.
Zoo kawg
Moderncov lag luam thiab cov koom haum tab tom ntsib cov teeb meem tshiab thiab loj: cov neeg siv khoom xav tau ib tus neeg, cov khoom zoo, thiab tib lub sij hawm cov khoom pheej yig thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering. Tom qab tag nrho, lub koom haum kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov loj.
Informatization thiab digitalization ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev txhim kho cov kab ke rau kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog cov chaw tswj hwm, kev qhia txog kev lag luam tiam tshiab "Kev Lag Luam 4.0" - tag nrho cov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb kub.
