Ib lub npe yog ib feem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus uas qhia txog ib yam khoom thiab qhia lub ntsiab lus hauv xws li inflectional pawg xws li rooj plaub thiab tus lej, nrog rau kev pab ntawm poj niam los txiv neej, uas yog qeb tas mus li.
Kab lus no hais txog cov npe ntawm cov npe los ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Peb yuav piav qhia txhua tus ntawm lawv thiab muab piv txwv.
Lub npe txhais cov khoom hauv qhov dav dav ntawm lo lus: cov npe ntawm cov khoom (sleigh, txiab, qhov rais, phab ntsa, rooj), cov neeg (tus neeg, poj niam, tub, ntxhais, menyuam), tshuaj (cream, qab zib, hmoov nplej), cov kab mob nyob thiab cov tsiaj (microbe, pike, woodpecker, miv), phenomena, xwm txheej, qhov tseeb (kev ua tau zoo, hluav taws kub, hnub so, kev sib tham, ntshai, kev tu siab), nrog rau cov txheej txheem thiab cov cim tsis yog txheej txheem, npe hu ua cov khoom ywj pheej ywj pheej - khoom, zoo, xeev, kev ua (tshem, txiav txim siab, khiav, xiav, ruam, siab zoo).
Cov lus yooj yimgrammatical noun txoj hauj lwm
Cov pawg tseem ceeb hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm cov npe uas tau muab faib: 1) cov npe zoo thiab cov zoo; 2) tiag; 3) pawg; 4) abstract thiab pob zeb; 5) animate thiab animate. Cov qeb ntawm nouns sib tshuam hauv lub ntsiab lus. Cov npe tsim nyog, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem suav nrog cov npe ntawm ob qho tib si tsis muaj tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov npe tiag tiag uas qhia txog qhov loj ntawm cov khoom yuav muaj lub ntsiab lus sib sau (qab zib, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cranberries). Pob zeb (raws li qeb lexical thiab grammatical) sib sau ua ke animate thiab inanimate npe ntawm cov khoom uas raug txiav txim siab. Lwm cov piv txwv tuaj yeem raug suav. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus uas suav nrog hauv qee pawg ntawm cov npe los ntawm lub ntsiab lus muaj ntau yam morphological thiab qee zaum lo lus tsim cov yam ntxwv, uas koom ua ke lawv.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
Qhov kev faib no tshwm sim los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom ua tus sawv cev ntawm chav kawm lossis ib tus neeg. Tsim nyog raws li cov lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm nouns (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - "tsim npe") - cov lus uas lub npe ntawm ib tug neeg cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm homogeneous, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhia txog qhov khoom no.
Cov nouns - cov npe uas npe ib yam khoom los ntawm nws cov kev suav nrog hauv ib chav kawm. No lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm nouns denotes lub npe, feem, raws li ib tug cab kujyam ntxwv muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm chav kawm no.
Ciam teb ntawm cov npe thiab cov npe tsim nyog yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab tsis tas li: cov npe feem ntau dhau los ua cov npe zoo (nicknames thiab npe menyuam yaus). Tus kheej feem ntau yog siv los xa mus rau homogeneous khoom feem ntau, thiab yog li dhau los ua cov npe: donquixote, jimmorda, don juan.
Nyob rau hauv lub siab nqaim
Ntawm cov npe kom raug, cov npe ntawm cov npe no txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus, raws li qhov tseeb ntawm qhov nqaim, thiab denominations. Thawj yog cov npe astronomical thiab thaj chaw thiab cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Qhov no yog ib qho maj mam ntxiv, lexically txwv lub voj voog, muaj cov npe uas tau muab rau ib qho kev kawm. Ntawm no rov hais dua, coincidences (npe ntawm kev sib hais haum, zos, dej ntws) yog ua tau, lawv kuj yog high-frequency nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub system ntawm lub npe ntawm ntau tus neeg thiab tsiaj.
Npes
Rau cov npe, ntau lub npe lossis cov lus sib txuas yog siv. Hauv qhov no, cov npe no tsis poob nws lub ntsiab lus lexical, tab sis tsuas yog hloov nws txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv li: cov ntawv xov xwm Izvestia, Hammer thiab Sickle cog, Lilac perfumes. Cov npe zoo kuj tuaj yeem ua cov npe: steamship "Ukraine", tsev so "Moscow".
Nkauj Nouns
Cov npe sau ua ke sib cais (lexico-grammatical) ntawm cov npe. Cov no suav nrog cov lus uas hu ua tag nrho ntawm qee qhov homogeneouscov khoom, thiab tseem qhia lub ntsiab lus no nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau yam lus: -stv (o) (cov hluas, cov tub ntxhais kawm); -a (aristocracy, pioneer); -ot (a) (cov neeg pluag) thiab lwm yam. Cov npe sib sau ua ke, hauv kev nkag siab dav, tuaj yeem suav nrog cov npe uas qhia txog cov khoom siv: rooj tog, thoob khib nyiab, me me kib, saum. Cov lus no qhia txog kev sib sau ua ke, thiab tsis yog lo lus tsim. Qhov txawv ntawm cov npe no yog tias lawv tsis muaj ntau ntau.
Nyob tiag tiag
Lawv npe ntau yam khoom: cov khoom siv (cement, gypsum), khoom noj khoom haus (qab zib, hmoov nplej, cereals, rog), hom ntaub (chintz, velvet), hlau, pob txha (jasper, emerald, steel, tin, thee., hlau), tshuaj, tshuaj tshuaj (aspirin, pyramidon, uranium), qoob loo ua liaj ua teb (nplej, qos yaj ywm, oats), thiab lwm yam divisible homogeneous pawg.
Real nouns, tsis zoo li collective nouns, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj suffixes los qhia tus nqi tiag. Nws yog qhia tsuas yog lexically.
Feem ntau cov npe tiag yog siv los ntawm cov lus lossis hauv ntau qhov ntau: cream, naj hoom, poov xab; tin, hmoov, tshuaj yej, zib mu. Lub npe tiag tiag, uas feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov lus, siv ntau daim ntawv, yog lexically cais tawm ntawm daim ntawv sib xws: groats (crushed los yog tag nrho cov nplej ntawm cov nroj tsuag), tab sis groats (ntau hom groats).
Distracted (abstract) thiab pob zebnpe
Ntawm cov npe, xws li pawg ntawm cov npe yog txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus, raws li paub daws teeb thiab pob zeb. Pob zeb yog cov lus uas lub npe qhov tseeb, neeg, yam, tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag uas suav tau thiab nthuav tawm nyias: kev ua tsov ua rog, duel, engineer, nplhaib, xaum.
Qhov no lexical thiab grammatical qeb ntawm nouns, ua lwm yam lus, sawv cev. cov khoom uas tus kheej thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntau.
Tshwj tsis yog cov npe tsis zoo (pluralia tantum), tag nrho cov npe tshwj xeeb muaj ntau daim ntawv thiab cov lus. Raws li cov yam ntxwv morphological, cov npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog tawm tsam cov paub daws teeb meem xwb. Lawv kuj tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab pawg ntawm cov npe, pluralia tantum; thiab lawv lub ntsiab kuj txawv.
Abstract (abstract) - cov lus uas qhia txog lub tswv yim paub daws teeb meem, zoo, lub zog, lub xeev thiab kev ua: txav, khiav, dexterity, sib thooj, siab zoo, kev poob cev qhev, zoo, luag, yeeb koob. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov npe txhawb nqa los ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia, tsim nrog kev pab ntawm xoom cov lus (hloov, xa tawm, mob, iab), suffix -ost (cowardice, kev zoo nkauj), -stvo (o) (feem ntau, insignificance, khav theeb, primacy), -chin (a) / -schin (a) (piecework), -ism (humanism, realism), -from (a) (hoarseness, siab zoo, acid) thiab lwm yam. Ib qho me me yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam lus tsis txaus siab: qhov tseem ceeb, kev tu siab, kev nplij siab, kev tu siab, kev mob siab rau, kev tu siab, kev tsim txom, kev ntshai, kev npau taws, lub siab,teeb meem.
Feem ntau tsis muaj ntau daim ntawv rau cov npe paub daws teeb meem.
Nkauj thiab inanimate nouns
Nouns muab faib ua ob pawg: animate thiab inanimate. Animated - cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg: kab, pike, starling, miv, menyuam kawm ntawv, xib fwb, tub, txiv neej.
Inanimate - cov npe ntawm tag nrho lwm yam tshwm sim thiab cov khoom: phau ntawv, rooj, phab ntsa, qhov rai, xwm, lub koom haum, steppe, hav zoov, siab zoo, qhov tob, mus ncig, txav, xwm txheej.
Cov lus no muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Cov qeb ntawm cov npe los ntawm lub ntsiab lus muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Animate sawv daws feem ntau derivate thiab morphologically txawv ntawm inanimate sawv daws yuav. Cov no yog cov npe ntawm ntau tus neeg, nrog rau cov poj niam tsiaj, uas feem ntau yog txhawb los ntawm ib lo lus tis npe tsiaj lossis tib neeg yam tsis tau qhia txog poj niam txiv neej lossis txiv neej: tub-ntxhais kawm ntawv, tus kws qhia-xwb, tsev kawm ntawv-schoolgirl, tub xeeb ntxwv, xeeb ntxwv, Muscovite- Muscovite, tsov ntxhuav-lioness, miv-miv, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li txoj cai, animate nouns muaj lub ntsiab lus morphological ntawm poj niam lossis txiv neej poj niam, thiab tsuas yog qee qhov - ntawm nruab nrab, thaum semantically koom nrog ib lossis lwm tus poj niam ntawm lub npe yog txiav txim siab (tshwj tsis yog rau nruab nrab ib leeg., uas yog hu ua tsiaj nyob tsis hais poj niam los txiv neej: lub npe ntawm ib tug neeg tsis yog neeg laus (me nyuam) los yogcov npe xws li tsiaj txhu, ntsej muag, kab, tsiaj, tsiaj). Inanimate nouns muab faib ua peb morphological genders - neuter, feminine thiab masculine.
Paradigms of inanimate thiab animate nouns
Cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj tsis muaj tsiaj thiab cov tsiaj txhu tsis tu ncua sib txawv hauv ntau qhov ntau: animate muaj ib daim ntawv accusative nyob rau hauv nws, coinciding nrog lub genitive. Piv txwv li: tsis muaj tsiaj, tsis muaj cov muam thiab cov kwv tij (R.p.), pom tsiaj, pom cov muam thiab cov kwv tij (V.p.). Plural inanimate nouns muaj daim ntawv accusative, uas yog tib yam li nominative. Piv txwv li: muaj txiv apples, txiv duaj thiab txiv duaj ntawm lub rooj (I.p.); yuav txiv apples, txiv duaj thiab txiv duaj (V.p.).
Peb suav hais tias yog lub npe ua ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, qib ntawm cov npe. Peb vam tias koj pom cov kab lus no pab tau. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus, peb xav kom koj paub koj tus kheej nrog cov haujlwm uas Kochanova O. N. sau rau ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Noun qeb los ntawm lub ntsiab lus muaj nyob rau hauv qee qhov nthuav dav hauv nws cov ntawv.
