Lub chaw tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog

Cov txheej txheem:

Lub chaw tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog
Lub chaw tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog
Anonim

Yog tias koj teeb tsa txoj haujlwm: "Npe lub chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog", ces ntau tus neeg uas tsis txuas nrog hybridization yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tiv nrog nws. Kab lus muaj lus piav qhia.

Terminology

Center of origin of cultivated nroj tsuag yog tshwj xeeb geographical "foci". Lawv tsom mus rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntau yam. Cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated yog thawj - lawv suav nrog thaj chaw uas cov tsiaj qus thiab domesticated cov ntaub ntawv pib loj hlob, thiab theem nrab. Cov tom kawg yog cov chaw zov me nyuam uas tau tsim los ntawm kev faib tawm tom ntej ntawm ib nrab cog qoob loo, cog hom cog thiab lawv xaiv ntxiv.

chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag
chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

History information

Cov xwm txheej zoo li no raws li kev cog qoob loo tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Thaum pib, txoj kev loj hlob tau tshwm sim, tsis hais hom tsiaj nyob ib puag ncig, hauv tsib thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Yeej, cov qauv floristic ntawm cov hom uas sim ua rau hauv tsev yog qhov kawg rau feem ntauthaj chaw. Qhov no yuam kom lawv mus rau kev siv cov nroj tsuag hauv zos. Tib neeg kev vam meej txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev loj hlob… Lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib txuas lus hauv hiav txwv thiab av vam meej ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm nrawm ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov noob ntawm cov nroj tsuag endemic domesticated. Vim li no, nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim lub teb chaws ntawm ib hom kab lis kev cai. Qhov kev vam meej ntawm domestication, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txawv thaj chaw ntawm tej thaj chaw, yog raws li txoj cai ntawm evolution. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag tau ntsib xws li phenomena xws li random hla, ib tug ntau ntxiv ntawm cov chromosomes tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm natural hybridization. Kuj tseem muaj kev hloov pauv ntau yam.

npe cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated
npe cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated

Tshawb Fawb Cov Lus Nug

Raws li qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Charles Darwin txog thaj chaw thaj chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv, ib qho kev taw qhia tau tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hybridization. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, A. Decandol tau luam tawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv uas nws tau hu ua cov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag thiab thaj chaw ntawm lawv pib tshwm sim. Hauv nws cov ntawv sau, cov cheeb tsam no tau xa mus rau thaj av loj, nrog rau lwm thaj chaw loj. Rau yuav luag tsib caug xyoo tom qab luam tawm ntawm Decandole txoj haujlwm, kev paub txog cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog tau nthuav dav heev. Ob peb monographs tau luam tawm uas hais txog kev ua liaj ua teb ntau yam ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej hom. Tom qab ntawdN. I. Vavilov tau hais txog qhov teeb meem no. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig, nws tau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog qoob loo. Muaj xya nyob rau hauv tag nrho: East Asian, Mediterranean, Central American, South Asian, Southwest Asian, Ethiopian, thiab Indian. Txhua tus ntawm lawv loj hlob ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb.

chaw yug me nyuam ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag
chaw yug me nyuam ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

Kev hloov kho

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb, xws li A. I. Kuptsov thiab P. M. Zhukovsky, txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntawm N. I. Vavilov. Lawv tau hloov qee yam ntawm nws cov lus xaus. Yog li ntawd, South-West Asian centre tau muab faib ua ze-Asian thiab Central Asian sawv daws yuav, thaum Indo-China thiab tropical India ua raws li ob lub chaw ywj pheej. Lub pas dej Yellow River yog suav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm East Asian centre. Yav dhau los, nws yog Yangtze, tab sis Suav, raws li ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb, nyob hauv thaj chaw no ntau tom qab. New Guinea thiab Western Sudan kuj tau txheeb xyuas thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb.

Nco ntsoov tias cov qoob loo txiv hmab txiv ntoo, suav nrog cov txiv ntoo thiab cov txiv ntoo txiv ntoo, muaj thaj chaw dav. Lawv nthuav dav dhau ntawm ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm keeb kwm. Qhov tshwm sim no zoo ib yam nrog cov lus qhia ntawm Decandole dua li lwm tus. Yog vim li cas yog ncaj ncees tsuas yog los ntawm hav zoov keeb kwm, thiab tsis foothill, uas sib haum mus rau teb thiab zaub ntau yam. Kev xaiv kuj tseem ceeb. Cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated yog tam sim no kom meej meej meej. NtawmLawv txawv los ntawm European-Siberian thiab Australian chaw. Lub chaw North American kuj tau tsim.

South American centre ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag
South American centre ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Yav dhau los, qee hom nroj tsuag tau nkag mus rau hauv kev cog qoob loo sab nraum lub ntsiab foci. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tus lej kuj tsawg. Yav dhau los, cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ua liaj ua teb thaum ub tau suav tias yog lub hav ntawm Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Ganges thiab lwm yam dej loj. Raws li Vavilov txoj kev tshawb fawb, ntau hom kev ua liaj ua teb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv roob toj siab ntawm thaj chaw temperate, tropics thiab subtropics. Lub hauv paus chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag yog ze ze rau floristic ntau haiv neeg thiab ancient civilizations.

kev paub txog cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated
kev paub txog cov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated

Suav suav

thaj chaw no suav nrog thaj chaw roob ntawm sab hnub poob thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws, nrog thaj chaw qis qis. Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov chaw no yog lub latitudes ntawm thaj chaw temperate, nyob rau ntawm tus Dej Yellow. Cov xwm txheej hauv zos yog cov yam ntxwv zoo li lub caij nyoog loj hlob nruab nrab, qib siab ntawm noo noo thiab kev kub ntxhov. Lub hearth yog ib qho chaw nyob rau ntuj soybean, angular taum, kaoliang, millet, mov, oats, paisa, chumiza, Tibetan barley thiab ntau lwm yam nroj tsuag.

Southeast Asian Section

Lub tsev Indo-Malaysian ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb tuaj yeem ntxiv rau thaj av Indian. Nws suav nrog thaj chaw xws li Indochina, tag nrho Malay Archipelago thiab Philippines. Hindustani thiabCov chaw suav teb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog tau qee qhov cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw. Cov xwm txheej hauv zos yog cov nroj tsuag txhua xyoo, tsis tshua muaj av noo thiab kub. Qhov chaw no yog ib qho chaw nyob rau tej yam ntuj tso rau nutmeg, clove, cardamom, txiv kab ntxwv, bergamot, dub kua txob, mangosteen, betel, txiv qaub thiab ntau yam ntxiv.

chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag
chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

Khab Khab

Nws tseem hu ua Hindustan hotbed thiab suav nrog Indian xeev Assam, Burma thiab tag nrho Hindustan ceg av qab teb, tshwj tsis yog cov xeev qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Is Nrias teb. Kev nyab xeeb hauv zos nyiam lub caij loj hlob ntev, siab kub thiab av noo. Thaj chaw tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Indo-Malay chaw nruab nrab. Citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qab zib, mov thiab ntau lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no.

Central Asian section

Qhov kev tsom xam no suav nrog thaj av ntawm Western Tien Shan, Tajikistan, sab qaum teb ntawm Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan thiab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Is Nrias teb. Cov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam yog lub caij nyoog loj hlob nruab nrab, qhov kub thiab txias nrog lub caij muaj zog thiab kev hloov pauv txhua hnub, thiab cov dej noo tsawg heev. Cov cheeb tsam no tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm cov chaw ze East thiab Suav. Vim li no, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb thib ob rau feem ntau ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv zos.

Saib sab Asia

Tus kab mob tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob Asia. Nws cheeb tsam suav nrog thaj tsam ntawm roob roob Turkmenistan, tag nrho Transcaucasia, Fertilecrescent, Iran thiab sab hauv ntawm Asia Minor. Kev nyab xeeb hauv zos yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm qhuav qhuav, qhov kub thiab txias heev thiab cov av qis heev. Thaj chaw no tau ntsib kev cuam tshuam ntawm Central Asian thiab Mediterranean cov chaw. Cov ciam teb ntawm peb lub chaw no muaj kev sib cuam tshuam zoo, yog li nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas lawv.

lub ntsiab chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag
lub ntsiab chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

South American Center of Origin of Cultivated Plants

Cov cheeb tsam no suav nrog thaj chaw roob thiab toj siab ntawm Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia thiab Peru. Cov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov dej tsis txaus thiab qhov kub thiab txias heev. Central American Center tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw no.

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