Hlau yog dab tsi, nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws khawb li cas? Qhov no siv tau hlau muaj ntau yam kev siv. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb, thiab lub voj voog hlau hauv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Dab tsi yog hlau?
Hlau yog cov khoom siv hlau uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws cuam tshuam nrog oxygen. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab hauv qhov chaw. Hlau atoms muaj 26 protons hauv lawv cov nuclei. Cov cim tshuaj - Fe (ferum) los ntawm nws lub npe Latin ferum. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws yog ib tug mos thiab nkig hlau, uas yog ntxiv dag zog los ntawm impurities. Thaum ua ke nrog cov pa roj carbon, hlau yog tsim uas siv ntau tshaj 98% ntawm cov hlau ore mined niaj hnub no.
Txhua cov hlau atoms hauv lub ntiaj teb tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov cores ntawm cov hnub qub thaum lub sij hawm kawg ntawm fusion thiab ces tso rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv stellar explosions. Nws yog qhov thib plaub loj tshaj plawscov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust tom qab silicon, oxygen thiab txhuas. Hlau yog dab tsi? Nws yog lub ntsiab lus tshaj plaws uas ua rau peb lub ntiaj teb, txawm hais tias feem ntau ntawm nws los ntawm huab hwm coj nyob hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw - hauv lub ntiaj teb lub hauv paus. Nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov pob zeb ntawm lub crust thiab mantle raws li ib tug chemical constituent ntawm pua pua ntawm cov minerals sib txawv.
hlau ore
Cov hlau no tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Qee qhov meteorites muaj cov hlau hlau. Cov khoom no chemically reacts nrog oxygen thiab dej los tsim cov minerals hlau. Txhua lub pob zeb uas muaj cov hlau no txaus los khawb rau kev lag luam yog hu ua hlau ore. Nws cov ntxhia ntau tshaj plaws yog:
- iron oxide (formula Fe2O3), uas yog tsim thaum raug oxygen;
- hydrated hlau oxide, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv dej.
Cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hlau oxide hlau hu ua hematite thiab magnetite. Qhov siab ntawm Fe ua rau lawv nyiam tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam. Hlau yog mined ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ore deposits. Feem ntau cov no yog cov formations uas yog ancient sedimentary pob zeb. Lawv muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hlau oxide minerals (formula Fe2O3) txog li ob peb centimeters tuab.
Kuv tuaj yeem nrhiav tau hlau nyob qhov twg?
Ntawm chav sov, nws yogkhov kho. Nws yog ib qho ci ntsa iab grey hlau uas xeb dhau sijhawm thaum raug huab cua ntub. Nws ua ke nrog ntau lwm cov hlau los tsim cov alloys. Lub Scope ntawm hlau yog dav heev. Thaum nws ua ke nrog carbon, nws dhau los ua hlau. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm cov hlau xws li npib tsib xee, chromium thiab tungsten. Cov alloys no muaj zog heev thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua choj thiab vaj tsev.
Hlau yog ib yam khoom qub heev uas tau siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntev. Cov khoom los ntawm nws tau pom nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt. Muaj txawm tias tag nrho lub sijhawm (1200-500 BC) muaj npe tom qab nws - Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau, thaum nws tau siv los ua cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom. Yuav kom nrhiav tau cov hlau tseem ceeb no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav nws tob hauv av. Nws pom ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lub ntiaj teb muaj hlau ntau dua li lwm yam hlau. Lub caij no tseem tuaj yeem pom ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb, suav nrog lub hauv paus ntawm Jupiter thiab Saturn, nrog rau cov plua plav liab ntawm Mars (uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li hu ua Red Planet).
Teb chaws hlau voj voog nyob rau hauv xwm
Iron (Fe) ua raws lub voj voog geochemical, zoo li ntau lwm yam khoom noj. Nws feem ntau yog tso rau hauv av lossis dej hiav txwv los ntawm huab cua ntawm pob zeb lossis volcanic eruptions. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ecosystem, cov nroj tsuag thawj zaug nqus hlau los ntawm lawv cov hauv paus hniav los ntawm cov av. Nws yog ib qho khoom noj tseem ceeb heev uas txav ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob thiab geosphere.
IronNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb txwv tsis pub noj zaub mov rau cov nroj tsuag, uas siv nws los tsim chlorophyll. Photosynthesis nyob ntawm qhov khoom txaus ntawm cov hlau no. Nroj tsuag assimilate nws los ntawm cov av mus rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav. Tsiaj txhu haus cov nroj tsuag thiab siv nws los tsim hemoglobin. Thaum lawv tuag, lawv decompose thiab cov kab mob rov qab hlau rau hauv av.
Hiav txwv Cycle of Iron
Lub voj voog marine ntawm hlau hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam li lub voj voog hauv ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim vim yog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qee cov kab mob uas oxidize cov hlau rau hydroxide thiab tau txais cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov kab mob hlau nyob hauv tus dej, dej hiav txwv lossis lwm lub cev ntawm cov dej rho tawm lub zog rau lawv lub neej, thiab tom qab nws ua tiav lawv nyob hauv cov av hauv daim ntawv ntawm swamp ore.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov hlau hauv dej hiav txwv ecosystem kuj tseem ceeb. Cov neeg tsim khoom tseem ceeb uas nqus cov hlau no feem ntau yog phytoplankton lossis cyanobacteria. Hlau yog absorbed los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thaum lawv noj cov kab mob no. Lub voj voog ntawm hlau hauv qhov xwm txheej yog txheej txheem nyuaj heev. Nws nyob ntawm ntau yam concomitant: tshuaj tiv thaiv, hom chaw nyob thiab pawg microbes. Tag nrho cov no txuas nws nrog lwm yam tseem ceeb sib npaug ntawm biogeochemical cycles ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam sib xyaw ores yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov ntsiab lus uas muaj li ntawm 5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov zaub mov muaj hlau yogoxides thiab sulfides (hematite, magnetite, goethite, pyrite, marcasite). Cov hlau no tseem muaj nyob hauv meteorites, ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb thiab hauv lub hnub. Hlau muaj nyob rau hauv hiav txwv thiab dej tshiab.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Ntawm no yog qee qhov tseeb nthuav txog qhov zoo li cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim:
- Hlau yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv tsev thaiv rau cov nroj tsuag kev noj haus thiab pab nqa oxygen hauv cov ntshav, yog li txhawb lub neej hauv ntiaj teb.
- Nws yog cov khoom nkig, cais raws li cov hlau hauv pawg 8 ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws sai sai corrode los ntawm raug rau huab cua ntub thiab kub.
- Nws yog qhov thib plaub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb los ntawm qhov hnyav, thiab feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hauv paus ntseeg tau tias yog hlau.
- Feem ntau yog siv los ua cov hlau, cov hlau alloy thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim kho, xws li cov pob zeb muaj zog.
- Stainless hlau uas muaj yam tsawg 10.5% chromium yog heev tiv taus corrosion. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv chav ua noj cutlery thiab cov tais diav xws li stainless hlau lauj kaub.
- Ntxiv lwm cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab cov hlau nrog cov khoom siv tshiab. Piv txwv li, npib tsib xee ua kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab ua rau nws tiv taus cua sov thiab acids.
Nqe lus qhia txog lub caij Fe
- Nruasprotons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus: 26.
- Atomic Symbol: Fe.
- Ntau qhov nruab nrab ntawm ib atom: 55.845 g/mol.
- Density: 7.874 grams ib cubic centimeter.
- Phase ntawm chav sov: khoom.
- Melting point: 1538 0 C.
- Boiling point: 2861 0C.
- Number of isotopes: 33.
- Stable isotopes: 4.
Main applications
Hlau yog siv rau ntau yam xws li hluav taws xob, kev tsim, tsheb thiab kev tsim kho. Cov hauv qab no yog cov kev siv hlau:
- Raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau ferrous, alloys thiab steel.
- Ib alloy siv carbon, npib tsib xee, chromium thiab ntau lwm yam khoom los tsim hlau lossis hlau.
- Nyob hauv cov hlau nplaum.
- In tiav cov khoom hlau.
- Nyob hauv cov khoom siv.
- Nyob hauv cov khoom thauj.
- Nyob hauv cov cuab yeej.
- Nyob rau hauv cov khoom ua si thiab cov khoom ua si.
Hlau ua 5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv thiab siv hlau. Cov khoom no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv nqaij, qos yaj ywm thiab zaub thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm hemoglobin. Cov hlau yog greyish nyob rau hauv tsos thiab heev ductile thiab malleable. Nws dissolves nkag hauv dilute acids thiab yog reactive. Cov chaw mining hlau tseem ceeb yog Tuam Tshoj, Australia, Brazil, Russia thiab Ukraine.
