Qhov loj ntawm kev daws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib xws hauv chemistry niaj hnub. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev daws teeb meem, lawv hom, daim ntawv thov. Cia peb sau qee qhov piv txwv ntawm kev suav ntau hom kev sib txawv.
Txoj kev daws teeb meem
Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog homogeneous system nrog cov khoom sib txawv. Ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws teeb meem, ib txwm ua raws li qhov nruab nrab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tias cov khoom tawg yooj yim ntawm lwm yam khoom yuav yaj. Nws yog hu ua cov kuab tshuaj, nyob rau hauv uas cov molecules ntawm lub solute nyob.
Yog tias ob yam khoom siv roj sib xyaw ua ke, ces tsis muaj cov kuab tshuaj tawm. Kev suav tshwj xeeb yeej ib txwm ua rau txhua qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.
Tau txais homogeneous systems
Kom tau txais cov kev daws teeb meem zoo ib yam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau tsoo cov tshuaj yaj mus rau cov txheej txheem. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd cov tshuab yuav muaj tseeb. Thaum crushed mus rau me me tee, nplej ntawm cov xuab zeb, uas yuav muab faib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, colloidal daws, emulsions, suspensions yog tau.
Siv cov kev daws teeb meem
Txoj kev, hauvkev tsim kho, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov xuab zeb, cement, dej kuj yog hu ua kev daws teeb meem, tab sis los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg pom, nws yog kev ncua. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem piav qhia rau ntau yam.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kua tshuaj tshwm sim hauv cov kuab tshuaj ntau. Qhov no ua rau lawv muaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yam tsis muaj kev txiav txim ntxiv ntawm qhov system. Nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov uas muaj cov khoom hais, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Txhawm rau ua kom cov txheej txheem nrawm, cov khoom yuav tsum tau kov ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus. Txhawm rau nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov muaju yog hauv av hauv mortar, ces lawv raug nias. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav tam sim ntawd ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Hauv kev daws teeb meem, cov txheej txheem pib sib txawv. Cov molecules txav tau yooj yim, thiab thaum lawv sib tsoo, tshuaj hloov pauv tshwm sim. Lub zog uas pib tawm hauv qhov kev sib cuam tshuam yog sau los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, lub kaw lus xyaum tsis ua kom sov.
Lub cev lub cev thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev daws
Cov feem loj ntawm cov khoom tso cai rau koj los txiav txim seb qhov sib piv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj npaum li cas rau lawv qhov kev npaj. Hlau alloys, los ntawm txoj kev, kuj yog cov kev daws teeb meem, tab sis cov khoom, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog.
Cov kev daws teeb meem muaj peev xwm hloov lub zog ntawm cov khoom tawg. Qhov no ua rau lawv xav tau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab tshuaj. Piv txwv li, ib tug daws ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate (potassium permanganate) yog siv los kho abrasions thiab qhov txhab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab concentration. Tab sis cov tswv yimnws cov concentration tsawg kuj tseem ceeb. Yog li, ib feem ntawm cov khoom ntawm 2-3% muab cov tshuaj ib qho xim liab me ntsis, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev thov rau gastric lavage.
Dub liab doog crystals ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate tsis siv rau kev kho mob vim lawv muaj zog oxidizing zog. Feem ntau, qhov kev siv ntawm cov xim yog ncaj qha ntsig txog qhov nws cov concentration yog dab tsi. Cov feem loj ntawm cov tshuaj tso cai rau koj los kho cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj tiav.
Mass feem
Qhov kev ntsuas no suav li cas? Qhov loj feem ntawm cov khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom mus rau qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj, coj los ua ib feem. Lawv cov khoom organoleptic cuam tshuam tsis yog los ntawm qhov yuav yaj, tab sis kuj los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntau. Piv txwv li, rau cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog ntawm cov ntsev ntau, yuav luag tsis muaj saj, thiab nyob rau hauv siab concentrations, nws manifests nws tus kheej mus rau txawv degrees.
Kev txiav txim siab npaum li cas hauv kev xyaum? Qhov loj feem ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev daws yog xam nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry. Cov hauj lwm rau nws qhov kev txiav txim muaj nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm xeem rau qib 9 kawm tiav.
Cia li muab piv txwv ntawm txoj haujlwm uas siv qhov kev xav.
Mass feem ntawm cov lus ntsev 25%. Qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj yog 250 grams. Txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov dej uas muaj nyob hauv nws. Txhawm rau ua kev suav, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum paub txog qhov loj ntawm cov khoom. Raws li qhov kev faib ua feem, peb pom tias cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj yog 62.5 grams. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov dej, rho tawm qhov loj ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej los ntawm 250 grams, raws li qhov tshwm simpeb tau 187.5 g.
hom kev concentrations
Qhov concentration yog dab tsi? Pawg feem ntau hauv cov tshuaj yuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas feem pua. Nyob rau hauv chemistry, lo lus "concentration" implies ib tug npaum li cas ntawm ib tug solute. Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv: molar, huab hwm coj concentration.
Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tau npaj cov tshuaj 80 grams dej thiab 20 grams ntawm cov ntsev ntsev thiab txiav txim siab cov feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj, koj yuav tsum xub txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj. Nws yuav yog ib puas grams. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov khoom yog 20 feem pua.
Peb tau tshuaj xyuas qhov twg yog qhov feem ntau. Molar concentration yog hais txog qhov piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom rau lub ntim ntawm cov tshuaj noj. Txhawm rau npaj cov tshuaj nrog ib qho molar concentration, qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj yog thawj zaug txiav txim. Tom qab ntawd nws yog hnyav nyob rau hauv tus nqi thiab yaj nyob rau hauv ib liter ntawm hnyav.
Xaiv molar concentration
Yog li, txhawm rau npaj 2 litres ntawm kev daws teeb meem nrog qhov concentration ntawm 0.15 mol / l, ua ntej xam cov ntsev muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum faib 0.15 mol los ntawm 2 litres, peb tau txais 0.075 mol. Tam sim no peb xam qhov loj: 0.075 mol yog muab faib ua 58.5 g / mol. Cov txiaj ntsig - 4, 39
Problems of Analytical Chemistry
Ib qho kev tshuaj ntsuam yog suav tias yog ib qho teeb meem siv tshuaj. Nrog nws cov kev pab, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov sib tov yog nthuav tawm, kev kuaj mob yog nqa tawm, thiab cov pob zeb raug tshuaj xyuas. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj.
Ntawm cov dej num uas feem ntau ntsib nyob rau hauv inorganic chemistry, peb ib leeg tawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov concentration ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm ib tug muab nqi nyob rau hauv lwm yam khoom. Nrog kev pab los ntawm thwmsim, nws muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm ib tug maj mam ntxiv rau ib tug tov, nyob rau hauv uas lub molar concentration yog paub, ntawm qhov xav tau kev daws. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua titration.
Solubility thiab cov kuab tshuaj
Cov kuab tshuaj ntau tshaj yog dej. Nws zoo kawg nkaus dissolves hauv paus, acids, ntsev, qee cov organic tebchaw. Nws yog cov kev daws teeb meem aqueous uas yog cov kab ke ntau tshaj plaws hauv qhov xwm txheej. Dej ua raws li cov kuab tshuaj lom neeg. Nws yog suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus rau kev khiav ntawm ntau yam xov xwm: ntshav, cytosols, intercellular kua. Ntau hom tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag nyob hauv ib puag ncig dej.
Solubility yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom kom yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj xaiv. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim nyuaj uas yuav tsum tau noj rau hauv qee qhov nuances thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj.
Cawv tuaj yeem sau tseg tias yog cov organic zoo. Lawv suav nrog cov pab pawg hydroxyl hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog li lawv muaj solubility siab.
Zoo kawg
Txhua yam kua tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov hnyav. Tias yog vim li cas peb feem ntau tham txog kev sib nrig sib solubility ntawm cov kua sib txawv. Piv txwv li, ntawm cov organic tshuaj ib qho tuaj yeem hais txog cov dej solubility ntawm esters.
Ntau hom kev sib xyaw siv hauv inorganic thiab organic chemistry pab ua kom tiavqualitative thiab quantitative kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom. Txoj kev xav ntawm kev daws teeb meem yog qhov xav tau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam chemistry, tshuaj thiab tshuaj niaj hnub.
