Kev txhais lus los ntawm Greek, ib haiv neeg yog "lub npe ntawm cov neeg". Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, cov npe ntawm pab pawg neeg tau nqa ib lub ntsiab lus. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm haiv neeg keeb kwm kawm cov npe no, pom lawv cov hauv paus hniav thiab piav qhia lawv cov ntawv sau.
Npe muab los ntawm tus yeej
Keeb kwm, keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Cov npe ntawm qee cov neeg tau txais los ntawm cov neeg yeej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th, lub Turkic-hais lus horde ntawm Bulgarians invaded lub Balkan Peninsula. Khan ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws pib kav lub xeev South Slavic. Maj mam, tsawg tus Turks ploj ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos.
Cov Slavs tsis ploj mus qhov twg, tab sis lawv tau txais lub npe ntawm lawv tus kheej kov yeej, dhau los ua cov npe ntawm Volga Bulgarians, nrog rau Caucasian Balkars. Qhov piv txwv no qhia meej meej tias ib haiv neeg yog qhov hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem hloov kho.
Ib yam li cov Bulgarians, hauv XIII xyoo pua, cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv Central Asia. Cov Mongols invaded thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Uzbekistan. Cov npe ntawm lawv cov pab pawg thiab xeem tau tshwm sim hauv cov npe ntawm pawg neeg hauv zos (qhov no yog li cas Manguts, Barlases, thiab lwm yam.) Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob sib ze hu ua "Kazakhs" tsuas yog Turkic keeb kwm. Raws li ib tug versionCov neeg txhais lus, lo lus no muaj feem xyuam rau lo lus "Cossacks" (ob leeg txhais tau tias "dawb, neeg dawb").
Thaum tus neeg kov yeej thiab tus kov yeej, kuj muaj qhov piv txwv tsis sib xws. Qee zaum cov neeg kov yeej lawv tus kheej muab cov npe rau lawv cov neeg kov yeej. Ib qho piv txwv yog keeb kwm ntawm lub Hutts. Cov neeg no nyob hauv Anatolia thaum tig ntawm peb thiab thib ob txhiab xyoo BC. e. Tom qab ntawd, cov Indo-Europeans tau txais qhov chaw ntawm Hattians, uas tau los ua lub npe hu ua Hittites.
Thaj Av thiab haiv neeg
Txhua haiv neeg yog ib hom keeb kwm. Nws txhawj xeeb tsis yog tib neeg xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub teb chaws uas lawv nyob. Cov kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg qhia tau hais tias qee zaum lub npe ntawm thaj chaw tau muab lub npe rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab.
Tus thawj coj legendary Alexander lub Great yog los ntawm Macedonia, ib lub tebchaws sab qaum teb ntawm Ancient Greece. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog, cov Slavs yav qab teb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no. Lawv tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog kev vam meej thaum ub thiab tsis tau kov yeej nws, txij li nws tau ploj mus ntev. Tab sis lub npe Macedonia txuas ntxiv mus. Nws tau tso ib qho imprint rau yav qab teb Slavs. Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov neeg B altic ntawm Prussians zoo ib yam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII, lawv thaj av tau kov yeej los ntawm Germans. Tom qab ntawd, lub xeev German ntawm thaj chaw no tau hu ua Prussia, thiab nws cov neeg nyob hauv German hu ua Prussians.
Tib neeg sib koom tes
Ntseeg ib haiv neeg yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ib pawg neeg, yav tas los lub taub hau ntawm lub union los yog confederation. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 9, Czechs tsis nyob hauv thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws. Muaj ntau lwm haiv neeg West Slavic nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas losmaj mam yog cov Czechs uas sib sau lawv cov neeg zej zog nyob ib puag ncig lawv.
Lub Union ntawm Polabian Slavs ntawm Bodrichi tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm lub koomhaum no. Qhov xwm txheej txawv nrog lawv cov neeg zej zog, cov Lyutichs. Lawv tau txais lub npe tshiab, tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib pawg neeg twg. Cov pab pawg neeg haiv neeg ntawm cov Tungus muaj kev lig kev cai ntawm lub npe tom qab lub ntsiab xeem hauv pab pawg.
Rov qab piv txwv kuj paub. Ib haiv neeg hauv zej zog tuaj yeem tawg, thiab cov chaw sib cais uas tau tshwm sim tuaj yeem khaws lawv lub npe qub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsis sib npaug li qub (ntau dua). Qhov no yog li cas lub npe ntawm cov Turks (los ntawm cov Turks), Slovenes, Slovaks thiab Ilmen Slovenes (los ntawm cov Slavs) tshwm sim.
Txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees
Yog hais tias cov haiv neeg "Slavs" ib txwm muaj ib lub ntsiab lus, ces lwm haiv neeg tuaj yeem hloov lawv cov ntsiab lus, txawm tias lawv cov khoom tseem zoo li qub. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, Moldovans tau hu ua Greeks thiab Gypsies. Nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, cov haiv neeg "Kyrgyz" tsis siv rau lub Kyrgyz (lawv hu ua Kara-Kyrgyz), tab sis rau Turkmens thiab Kazakhs.
Lub npe ntawm ib tus neeg tuaj yeem txuas mus rau cov neeg nyob sib ze yog tias kev paub txog cov zej zog no tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, lub npe "Tatars" tau ntev tau siv los ntawm Russians nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau txhua haiv neeg ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Qhov kev lig kev cai no kuj tau kis mus rau Western Europe. Yog li ntawd, lub Tatar Strait (sib cais lub mainland los ntawm Sakhalin) tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, tab sis tsis tsuas yog lub Tatars, tab sis txawm lub Mongols yeej tsis nyob ze nws. Tsis tas li nyob rau hauv Russia, txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, Danes lossis Dutch tuaj yeem hu ua Germans. Rau qee cov neeg African "Fabkis" -Cov no tsis yog Fab Kis xwb, tab sis feem ntau yog txhua tus neeg nyob sab Europe.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm lub npe
Ua ib haiv neeg, lo lus pib lub neej tshiab, tsis muaj kev sib txuas yav dhau los. Ukrainians tsis yog marginal, txawm tias lub npe no tau nqis peev hauv lub ntsiab lus thaum nws tshwm sim. Yog li, cov npe ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem muaj peb theem ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Qhov thib ib yog lub tswv yim ua ntej tsim cov ethnonym nws tus kheej, qhov thib ob yog ethnonym nws tus kheej, thiab qhov thib peb yog lub tswv yim uas tshwm sim los ntawm haiv neeg. Piv txwv li: nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, ib tug wandering thiab swarthy neeg yuav hu ua ib tug gypsy.
Ntawm cov haiv neeg, cov npe ntawm tus kheej ua ib feem me. Lub npe ntawm Germans thaum xub thawj tsis tau siv los ntawm lawv, tab sis los ntawm Celts. Cov pab pawg lawv tus kheej, uas yav tom ntej tau tsim lub hauv paus rau lub teb chaws German, tawm tsam lawv tus kheej rau ib leeg. Lawv tsis yog ib lub koom haum thiab tsis muaj ib lub npe. Rau cov Celts, cov Germans yog ib qho kev paub daws teeb meem, kev faib sab hauv uas tsis ua lub luag haujlwm.
Cov npe European feem ntau ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Indian tau txais los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze. Los ntawm muab lub npe tsis zoo li lawv tus kheej, cov neeg hauv zos tawm tsam lawv tus kheej rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Yog li ntawd, ntau pab pawg tau paub los ntawm cov npe uas lawv tus kheej tsis tau lees paub. Piv txwv li, cov Navajo Indians lawv tus kheej xav txog lawv tus kheej "Dine" - uas yog, "cov neeg." Cov Papuans tsis muaj lawv lub npe. Cov pawg neeg tawg rog no tau paub rau cov neeg European los ntawm ib puag ncig cov dej ntws, roob, cov Islands tuaj, cov zos.
Tsev Neeg thiab Totem npe
Ib qhov kev xav txog lub npe ntawm cov neeg Bashkir hais tias lub npe "Bashkort" yog txhais ua "beekeeper". Txawm tias qhov no versiondeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, nws qhia tau hais tias ib yam ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg lub npe. Lub hauv paus ntawm ib haiv neeg tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog ib kab lus qhia txog qhov xwm txheej, tab sis kuj yog siv rau kev ntseeg. Ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tau txais lawv lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm lawv tus kheej totem. Ntau tus qauv zoo li no tau tsim. Cheyenne Indian pab pawg muaj npe tom qab tus nab totem. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg African thiab cov neeg hauv tebchaws Australia kuj tshwm sim.
Tam sim no ethnonyms yog dav. Buryats yog "ntoo" (lub npe no tau muab rau lawv los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze steppe). Cov Bushmen tau hu ua "Cov neeg ntawm cov hav txwv yeem". Lub npe ntawm lub Slavic union ntawm lub Dregovichi yog txhais ua "lub koom haum ntawm swamps" (dregva - quagmire, swamp). Lub npe hais lus rau Balkan Montenegrins.
Xim thiab lwm haiv neeg
Xim ethnoyms muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws tsis paub meej npaum li cas lo lus "Belarusians" tshwm sim. Muaj ntau qhov kev txhais lus: cov xim ntawm lub tsho, lub qhov muag lub teeb lossis cov plaub hau cuam tshuam. Feem ntau cov xim ethnonyms yog nyob rau hauv cov lus Turkic: daj Uighurs, dawb nogai, dub nogai. Muaj ib qho version uas Kyrgyz yog "Red Oghuz".
Cov haiv neeg thib ob, ntxiv rau cov neeg Macedonians thiab Prussians twb tau hais lawm, kuj tseem ceeb, uas tau muab lub npe rau Ltalis thiab cov neeg Italians niaj hnub no. Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg Bavarian, cov neeg Bavarians thaum ub tau nyob hauv lawv thaj av, uas tau ntiab cov Boii Celts tawm ntawm qhov ntawd. Yog li ntawd, lub ethnonym ntawm cov neeg qub dhau los ua haiv neeg ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm cov pejxeem tshiab. Tseem muaj cov piv txwv paub txog Angles - England - Lus Askiv, thiab Franks - Fabkis - Fabkis.
Npe ntawm qhov tsos thiab txoj haujlwm
Lub hauv paus ntawm haiv neeg tuaj yeem ua taucov paib sab nraud. Cov Indonesians muab lub npe rau Papuans ("curly"). Ethiopians - "cov neeg muaj lub ntsej muag scorched", Lombards - "siab". Cov Britons muaj kev cai ntawm lub cev pleev xim. Tej zaum yog vim li cas lawv thiaj hu ua "variegated".
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov haiv neeg tshwm sim raws li kev coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Cov neeg qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Sicily, Siculs, yog "cov neeg ua liaj ua teb" lossis "reapers", Koryaks yog "reindeer herders". Cov pab pawg neeg Arabian Dafir thiab Muntefik - "intertwined" lossis "sib koom" (ib qho kev siv rau kev sib koom ua ke).
haiv neeg ntawm Russians
Nyob hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb, muaj ntau txoj kev xav txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub npe "Rus". Varangian version hais tias lo lus no yog Scandinavian, thiab txhais ua "rowers". Kuj tseem muaj Indo-Iranian txoj kev xav (txhais tias "ci") thiab Proto-Slavic. Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog lo lus "Rus" txhais tau hais tias tib neeg thiab lub xeev. Los ntawm nws los lub npe niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg East Slavic.
Lub npe "Lavxias teb sab" yog thawj zaug siv ua "Lavxias teb sab". Thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII thiab XIX centuries. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus sau niaj hnub no, cov lus qhia tau pib siv cais thiab hloov mus rau hauv lub npe. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, lo lus "Lavxias teb sab" tuaj yeem hais txog tag nrho peb haiv neeg East Slavic (kev faib ua Great Russians thiab Me Me Russians kuj muaj ntau).
npe sib sau
Ethnonyms nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab denote ib txheej nyob rau hauv ib tug collective daim ntawv (chud) los yog nyob rau hauv lub plural (Germans). Raws li txoj cai, cov lustsim nrog suffixes. Piv txwv li -yata thiab -ichi qhia cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tib xeem. Hauv Lavxias, txawm tias qiv ethnonyms tau txais ntau qhov xaus: Italians, Germans, Estonians, Englishmen, Estonians, Egyptians. Suffixes xws li -ovtsy thiab -intsy yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim ib lub ntsiab lus rau lwm tus.
Derivation tuaj yeem yog thaj chaw. Cov haiv neeg ntawm cov haiv neeg sab hnub tuaj ntawm sab hnub tuaj Slavs xaus rau hauv -ars: Avars, Tatars, Bulgarians, Khazars, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tshwm sim no muaj Turkic lossis Indo-Iranian keeb kwm. Finnish pab pawg sab qaum teb ntawm Slavs, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau txais cov npe sib sau: Chud, Vod, Txhua, Yam, Samoyed, Kors. Cov piv txwv no tsis yog tib qho xwb. Lwm haiv neeg sib sau ua ke: Erzya, Merya, Izhora, Meshchera, Mordva, Lithuania.
Distortion
Thaum ib lo lus raug hloov los ntawm hom lus mus rau ib hom lus, nws feem ntau hloov nws lub suab dhau qhov kev paub. Nyob rau hauv cov lus Turkic, cov haiv neeg "Lavxias teb sab" suab zoo li "Urus" los yog "Oros", txij li thaum siv lub suab "r" thaum pib ntawm ib lo lus yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau pawg Turkic. Cov Hungarians hu lawv tus kheej Magyars. Lawv cov txheeb ze nyob deb ntawm Siberia yog cov neeg Finno-Ugric ntawm Mansi. Muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav uas ob hom lus yog tib lo lus, uas tau hloov pauv ntau lub xov tooj (Meshchera, Mishari, Mazhars koom nrog tib pab pawg).
Ntau lub npe ntawm cov neeg African tau hloov pauv los ntawm European colonialists thiab twb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tau tshwm sim ua lus Lavxias (Togolese, Congolese). Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav-Cossacks, tau ntsib Buryats thawj zaug, ua yuam kev dav dav lub npe ntawm cov neeg txawv nrog lo lus "kwv tij". Vim li no, tag nrho kev lig kev cai tshwm sim. Cov Buryats tau hu ua cov kwv tij ntev ntev (li no lub npe ntawm lub nroog Bratsk). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm ib haiv neeg, cov kws tshaj lij "tshem tawm" txhua qhov kev hloov pauv keeb kwm thiab sim nrhiav nws daim ntawv qub.
