Cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, thiab cov twg hu ua professionalisms?

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, thiab cov twg hu ua professionalisms?
Cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, thiab cov twg hu ua professionalisms?
Anonim

Cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus loj heev. Tsis yog ib tus kws txhais lus tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm sau cov phau ntawv txhais lus kom tiav uas txhua lo lus yuav raug cuam tshuam thiab txhais. Txawm Dahl lub npe nrov phau ntawv txhais lus, uas muaj cov lej loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lexical units ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm, tsis npog cov lus kiag li. Cov lus tshwm nyob rau hauv cov lus nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, thaum nws masters los yog invents ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Nrog rau cov lexemes uas paub ntau, kuj muaj cov lus uas siv los ntawm cov neeg tsawg. Lawv yuav yog peb qhov kev txiav txim siab. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav nthuav tawm cov lus dab tsi hu ua dialectisms, professionalisms, jargonisms.

Vajtswv Txojlus

Cov lus siv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg hais lus Lavxias feem ntau siv, uas yog, cov uas tau nkag siab los ntawm txhua tus. Ntauwd, tsev, rooj, rooj zaum, hiav txwv, phau ntawv, hav zoov, teb, dej thiab ntau, ntau lwm tus. Lawv siv los ntawm txhua tus neeg yam tsis muaj kev zam, tsis hais txogkev ua haujlwm, thaj chaw nyob, kev ua neej thiab hnub nyoog.

lo lus twg hu ua dialectisms
lo lus twg hu ua dialectisms

Tag nrho cov lus no tau muab faib raws li lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab cov qauv sau ntawv rau hauv cov lus hais: adjectives los yog verbs, nouns los yog zauv, pronouns, adverbs.

Ntxiv rau, cov lus no tsim nyog rau txhua tus qauv ntawm kev hais lus: lawv tau siv sib npaug hauv kev hais lus, nom tswv thiab kev tshaj xov xwm.

Vocabulary txwv siv yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Cov kev txwv no yuav siv tau rau qee thaj chaw, kev ua haujlwm, hnub nyoog lossis pawg neeg sib raug zoo. Ua ntej siv lawv hauv kev hais lus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev hais lus rau koj tus kheej thiab paub meej tias cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms thiab uas yog professionalisms. Cov lus no txawv ntawm qhov uas lawv nkag siab tsis tau rau tus neeg layman thiab nyuaj to taub txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus.

Dialectisms

Nws yog kev cai txwv tsis pub cov lus tsis zoo nyob ntawm seb nws yog qhov txwv. Nws yuav nyob ntawm seb cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms, uas yog cov kws tshaj lij, thiab cov lus slang. Ua ntej, cia peb saib ua ntej.

Russia yog ib lub tebchaws loj heev, nws nyob hauv ntau haiv neeg, thiab hauv txhua thaj chaw muaj cov lexemes uas nkag siab tsuas yog rau cov neeg nyob hauv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lawv txhua tus muaj ib qho analogue ntawm cov lus siv feem ntau, thiab cov neeg hais lus kom nkag siab txog cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms. Thaum tham nrog ib tug neeg uas tsis paub txog cov lexical tsw ntawm lawv cheeb tsam, cov nqa ntawm cov lus no"hloov" rau hom lus.

cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms thiab uas yog professionalisms
cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms thiab uas yog professionalisms

Peb twb tau piav qhia tias lo lus twg hu ua dialectisms, lawv cov piv txwv muaj ntau heev: Don Cossacks hu ib lub tsev kuren, thiab tsuas sprouted rye hu ua lub caij ntuj no nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws.

Types of dialectisms

Nws kuj yuav tsum tau hais txog pawg lus ntawm cov lus, nyob ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cov ntsiab lus grammatical, lawv yog:

  1. Lexical. Cov uas sawv cev rau ib lo lus txawv kiag li, txawv kiag li ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm hom lus: beetroot - beets, sash - siv, tisulya - hneev thiab lwm yam.
  2. Kev xaiv tsa. Cov lus no tsis muaj analogues hauv cov lus, nkag siab thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov npe ntawm cov tais diav, kab lis kev cai thiab haiv neeg: kalitki - Karelian pies ua los ntawm rye mov paj, manarka - ib daim khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam.
  3. lo lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms professionalisms jargonisms
    lo lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms professionalisms jargonisms
  4. Lexico-semantic. Cov no yog cov uas nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam tau endowed nrog lub ntsiab lus txawv ntawm ib qho. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau qee qhov chaw lo lus daim di ncauj txhais tau tias tag nrho cov nceb, tsuas yog nceb, thiab lo lus choj hais txog hauv pem teb hauv tsev.
  5. Phonetic. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov lus no yog ib qho txawv ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov lus bull. Yog li, tshuaj yej yog pronounced nrog thawj tus cim [ts], thiab ua liaj ua teb - nrog thawj [xv]. Muaj cov lus zoo li no nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb.
  6. Cov lus twg hu ua derivational dialectisms?Cov uas tau hloov lawv cov style los yog hais lus los ntawm kev ntxiv los yog tshem tawm ntau yam affixes (lub hauv paus, qhov twg lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus muaj, tseem nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv): guska - ib tug poj niam goose, pokeda - bye, darma - tsis muaj dab tsi.
  7. Morphological. Lo lus tau dhau los hloov grammatical hauv nws daim ntawv. Yog li, tus neeg thib 3 cov lus qhia tuaj yeem muaj qhov xaus: nws mus [t] (tus qauv) nws mus [t], lossis tus kheej cov lus hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas tau txais qhov xaus e hauv cov lus: kuv (tus qauv) - kuv.

Hais txog cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lawv tuaj yeem pom tsis tau tsuas yog hauv ib cheeb tsam, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Gogol. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau tus sau los qhia qhov tshwj xeeb tsw ntawm ib cheeb tsam, zos lossis ua liaj ua teb.

Cov ntsiab lus

Peb tau muab cov lus txhais thiab txheeb xyuas cov lus uas hu ua dialectisms. Dab tsi yog professionalism raug xam tias yog? Lawv qhov txawv yog dab tsi, thiab vim li cas lawv thiaj nyob hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv cov lus tsis zoo?

Cov lus no txwv los ntawm tib neeg: kev ua haujlwm lossis kev paub txog kev paub txog txhua qhov chaw. Cov lexemes no tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: cov ntsiab lus thiab kev tshaj lij. Cia peb saib ua ntej.

lo lus twg hu ua dialectisms piv txwv
lo lus twg hu ua dialectisms piv txwv

Cov ntsiab lus txhais txhua lub tswv yim kev tshawb fawb, qhov tshwm sim yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam kev paub (science, art lossis ntau lawm). Hauv seem yav dhau los, hais txog cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, peb tsis tautaw qhia tias txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej txhais lossis txhais. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb qhov txawv ntawm cov lus hais: ib qho meej, meej, tab sis muaj peev xwm txhais ntawm qhov tseeb uas lo lus no denotes.

Nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus

Ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus, ob pawg tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

  1. Kev tshawb fawb dav dav. Cov no yog cov uas tuaj yeem siv rau txhua qhov kev paub: kev xav, kev sim, tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov lus no feem ntau siv.
  2. Special. Lawv suav nrog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb: linguistics (ib qho nyuaj syntactic tag nrho), biology (stamen, chord), geometry (txoj kab ncaj nraim, dav hlau), psychology (phlegmatic, sensations, perception).
  3. cov lus dab tsi hu ua professionalisms piv txwv
    cov lus dab tsi hu ua professionalisms piv txwv

Lwm qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog lawv cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg. Nws tsis zoo li hais tias ib lo lus no tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm qhov zoo sib xws, tsuas yog ib kab lus lossis kab lus xwb. Kev nkag mus ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau hauv kev hais lus niaj hnub tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov lus niaj hnub Lavxias. Yog li ntawd, peb, tsis muaj hesitation, siv cov lus dej, reservoir, cua nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis cov no yog tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv kev tshawb fawb no.

kev tshaj lij

Peb tau tshuaj xyuas yuav luag tag nrho cov lus los ntawm cov khoom lag luam passive, tham txog cov ntsiab lus, hais txog cov lus twg hu ua dialectisms, cov twg yog cov kws tshaj lij. Cov piv txwv ntawm yav tas los yuav tau tham ntxiv nyob rau hauv nqe lus no.

Yog li, cov lus uas siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom lossis kev tshawb fawb yuav raug hu ua kev tshaj lij. Lawv qhov txawv ntawm cov nqe lus yog dab tsi? Qhov tseeb tias tom kawg muaj lawv tus kheej txhais, uas cov lus tshaj lij tsis tuaj yeem muaj. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv qhov ncauj hais lus thiab qhia txog cov cuab yeej, txheej txheem, cov khoom siv raw, thiab lwm yam. Cov lus no yog tsim los pab txhawb kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm.

cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms, uas yog professional
cov lus twg yog hu ua dialectisms, uas yog professional

Los ntawm lawv qhov kev siv, kev tshaj lij tau muab faib ua thaj chaw uas lawv tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm qee txoj haujlwm: miners, kws kho mob, tshuab luam ntawv, tsim, thiab lwm yam.

Jargon

Ib pawg neeg txawv yog nyob ntawm cov lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv qee pawg neeg: cov hluas (slang), cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov lus siv hauv camp thiab cov lus hu ua slang - ib hom lus tshwj xeeb hauv cov lus Lavxias, uas yog siv los ntawm tub sab, vagrants, thiab lwm yam.

Feem ntau koj tuaj yeem hnov slang - cov lus ntawm cov hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm. Cov lus zoo li tus xib fwb, chav pw, tus Tsov tus tw, txias, super muaj ubiquitous nyob rau hauv pab pawg no.

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