Tus qauv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej - dej yog paub zoo. Nws cov molecule muaj ob lub hydrogen atoms thiab ib qho oxygen, uas tau sau ua H2O. Yog tias muaj ob zaug ntau dua oxygen, ces cov khoom sib txawv yuav tig tawm - H2O2. Nws yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom tshwm sim txawv ntawm nws "kwv tij" dej?
H2O2 - dab tsi yog cov khoom no?
Cia peb nyob ntawm nws kom ntxaws ntxiv. H2O2 yog cov mis rau hydrogen peroxide, Yog, tib yam uas kho khawb, dawb. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 - lub npe tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom.
A 3% peroxide tov yog siv los tua kab mob. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntshiab los yog concentrated, nws ua rau cov tshuaj hlawv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Peb caug feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj peroxide yog hu ua perhydrol; yav tas los nws tau siv nyob rau hauv hairdressing salons rau bleach plaub hau. Cov tawv nqaij nws hlawv kuj hloov dawb.
tshuaj lom neeg ntawm H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide yog cov kua tsis muaj xim nrog "hlau" saj. Nws yog ib qho hnyav hnyav thiab yooj yim yaj nws tus kheej hauv dej, ether, cawv.
Peb thiab rau feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj peroxide feem ntau yog npaj los ntawm diluting peb caug feem pua. Thaum cov concentrated H2O2 khaws cia, cov khoom decomposes nrog kev tso tawm ntawm oxygen, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruj nreem kaw. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob muab khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv kom tsis txhob muaj kev tawg. Nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm peroxide, nws stability nce. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau txo qis qhov decomposition ntawm H2O2, ntau yam khoom tuaj yeem ntxiv rau nws, piv txwv li, phosphoric lossis salicylic acid. Txhawm rau khaws cov kev daws teeb meem muaj zog (ntau dua 90 feem pua), sodium pyrophosphate yog ntxiv rau peroxide, uas ua rau lub xeev ntawm cov khoom muaj zog, thiab cov hlab ntsha aluminium kuj tseem siv.
H2O2 hauv tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si oxidizing tus neeg saib xyuas thiab txo tus neeg sawv cev. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los xij, peroxide nthuav tawm cov khoom oxidizing. Peroxide yog suav tias yog cov kua qaub, tab sis tsis muaj zog heev; Hydrogen peroxide ntsev yog hu ua peroxides.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition ua ib txoj hauv kev tsim cov pa oxygen
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition ntawm H2O2 tshwm sim thaum cov khoom raug kub siab (ntau tshaj 150 degrees Celsius). Qhov tshwm sim yog dej thiab oxygen.
Reaction formula - 2 H2O2 + t -> 2 H2O + O2
Koj tuaj yeem xam qhov hluav taws xob sib npaug ntawm H2O2 hauv qhov sib npaug:
Oxidation state of H to H2O2 and H2O=+ 1.
Oxidation state O: in H2O2=-1, in H2O=-2, in O2=02 O
-1 - 2e -> O20
O-1 + e -> O-2
2 H2O2=2 H2O + O2
Decomposition ntawm hydrogen peroxide kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm chav tsev kub yog tias siv cov catalyst (cov tshuaj uas ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) tau siv.
Hauv chav kuaj, ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov pa oxygen, nrog rau kev puas tsuajBerthollet ntsev los yog poov tshuaj permanganate, yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition ntawm peroxide. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, manganese (IV) oxide yog siv los ua catalyst. Lwm yam khoom uas ua rau kom lub decomposition ntawm H2O2 yog tooj liab, platinum, sodium hydroxide.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm peroxide
Thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm peroxide tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1790 los ntawm German Alexander Humboldt, thaum nws pom qhov hloov pauv ntawm barium oxide rau hauv peroxide thaum cua sov. Cov txheej txheem ntawd tau nrog los ntawm kev nqus cov pa oxygen los ntawm huab cua. Kaum ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb Tenard thiab Gay-Lussac tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau alkali nrog cov pa ntau dhau, ua rau sodium peroxide. Tab sis hydrogen peroxide tau tom qab, tsuas yog xyoo 1818, thaum Louis Tenard tau kawm txog cov kua qaub ntawm cov hlau; Rau lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam ruaj khov, xav tau cov pa oxygen tsawg. Ua qhov kev sim ua pov thawj nrog barium peroxide thiab sulfuric acid, tus kws tshawb fawb ntxiv dej, hydrogen chloride thiab dej khov rau lawv. Tom qab ib lub sij hawm luv luv, Tenar pom me me solidified tee rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub thawv nrog barium peroxide. Nws tau pom tseeb tias nws yog H2O2. Tom qab ntawd lawv muab cov txiaj ntsig H2O2 lub npe "oxidized dej". Qhov no yog hydrogen peroxide - tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis tshua muaj evaporable kua uas dissolves lwm yam khoom zoo. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm H2O2 thiab H2O2 yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dissociation, cov peroxide yog soluble hauv dej.
Qhov tseeb nthuav - cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tshiab tau tshawb pom sai, tso cai rau nws siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm kho dua tshiab. Tenard nws tus kheej tau kho cov duab nrog peroxide. Raphael, tsaus ntuj los ntawm hnub nyoog.
YHydrogen peroxide nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th
Tom qab kev kawm tiav ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm, nws pib tsim tawm ntawm kev lag luam. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ib qho kev siv tshuab electrochemical rau kev tsim cov peroxide tau qhia, raws li cov txheej txheem electrolysis. Tab sis lub txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom tau los ntawm txoj kev no yog me me, txog li ob peb lub lis piam. Pure peroxide tsis ruaj khov, thiab feem ntau ntawm nws tau tsim ntawm 30% rau cov ntaub bleaching, thiab 3% lossis 6% rau kev siv hauv tsev.
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau siv peroxide los tsim lub tshuab ua kua roj foob pob hluav taws, uas tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv kev xav tau hauv Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm H2O2 thiab methanol / hydrazine, tau txais cov roj muaj zog, uas lub dav hlau mus txog qhov nrawm ntawm ntau dua 950 km / h.
H2O2 siv tam sim no nyob qhov twg?
- hauv tshuaj - kho qhov txhab;
- cov khoom bleaching ntawm cov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv lub pulp thiab ntawv kev lag luam;
- hauv kev lag luam textile, ntuj thiab hluavtaws fabrics, furs, ntaub plaub yog bleached nrog peroxide;
- as foob pob hluav taws roj lossis nws cov oxidizer;
- hauv chemistry - los tsim cov pa oxygen, ua tus neeg sawv cev foaming rau kev tsim cov khoom ntxeem tau, ua tus catalyst lossis hydrogenating agent;
- rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob lossis cov khoom ntxuav, tshuaj dawb;
- rau cov plaub hau bleaching (qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev dhau los, vim cov plaub hau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm peroxide);
- qee tus neeg siv peroxide los ntxuav lawv cov hniav, tab sis nws ua rau lawv cov enamel;
- Aquarists thiab ntses ua liaj ua teb siv 3% H2O2 tov los ua kom cov ntses suffocated, tua algae thiab cab kab mob hauv cov thoob dej yug ntses, thiab tiv thaiv qee yam ntses kab mob;
- hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam, peroxide tuaj yeem siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob rau qhov chaw, khoom siv, ntim khoom;
- rau kev tu pas dej;
- rau kev rho tawm cov hlau thiab roj hauv kev lag luam mining thiab roj;
- rau kev ua cov hlau thiab alloys hauv metalworking.
Kev siv H2O2 hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Hydrogen peroxide tuaj yeem siv tau los daws teeb meem ntau yam hauv tsev. Tab sis tsuas yog 3% hydrogen peroxide tuaj yeem siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev:
- Txhawm rau ntxuav qhov chaw, ncuav peroxide rau hauv lub nkoj nrog rab phom thiab tshuaj tsuag rau thaj chaw muaj kab mob.
- Txhawm rau tua cov khoom, so lawv nrog cov tshuaj tsis huv H2O2. Qhov no yuav pab ntxuav lawv ntawm teeb meem microorganisms. Ntxuav cov sponges tuaj yeem tsau hauv dej nrog peroxide (feem 1: 1).
- Txhawm rau ntxuav cov ntaub dawb thaum ntxuav cov khoom dawb, ntxiv ib khob ntawm peroxide. Koj tuaj yeem yaug cov ntaub dawb hauv dej sib xyaw nrog ib khob H2O2. Txoj kev no rov ua kom dawb, tiv thaiv cov ntaub los ntawm yellowing, thiab pab tshem tawm cov stains tawv.
- Koj tuaj yeem rov ua dua qhov tsaus nti hauv cov vuas los ntawm kev txau peroxide rau thaj chaw uas xav tau. Tom qab 30 feeb, txhuam lawv kom huv si nrog txhuam txhuam.
- Txhawm rau ntxuav tais diav, ntxiv ib nrab khob H2O2 rau hauv ib lub phiab dej (los yog lub dab ntxuav muag nrog lub qhov dej kaw). khob thiab phaj ntxuav hauv cov tshuaj no yuav ci nrog kev huv.
- Txhawm rau ntxuav koj cov txhuam hniav, dipped rau hauv 3% peroxide daws tsis tau. Tom qab ntawd yaug hauv qab dej uas muaj zog. Txoj kev no tshuaj tua kab mob kom huv si zoo.
- Txhawm rau tua cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshuaj tsuag nrog 1 feem peroxide thiab 1 feem dej, ces yaug kom huv si nrog dej (tuaj yeem txias).
- Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov tsev, nrog kev pab ntawm H2O2, koj tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob. Koj yuav tsum tau txau cov tshuaj peroxide los yog tsau cov noob sai sai ua ntej cog hauv 4.5 liv dej sib xyaw nrog 30 ml ntawm plaub caug feem pua ntawm hydrogen peroxide.
- Txhawm rau rov ua kom cov ntses thoob dej yug ntses, yog tias lawv raug tshuaj lom los ntawm ammonia, ua rau tuag taus thaum aeration raug kaw, lossis lwm qhov laj thawj, koj tuaj yeem sim muab lawv tso rau hauv dej nrog hydrogen peroxide. Nws yog tsim nyog los sib tov 3% peroxide nrog dej ntawm tus nqi ntawm 30 ml ib 100 litres thiab muab tso rau hauv lub resulting sib tov ntawm lifeless ntses rau 15-20 feeb. Yog lawv tsis muaj txoj sia nyob rau lub caij ntuj no ces kev kho tsis tau.
Y Txhawm rau tiv thaiv pwm thiab kab mob, sib tov peroxide thiab dej hauv qhov sib piv 1: 2 hauv lub raj mis tsuag. Txau qhov sib xyaw ua ke mus rau qhov chaw tsis huv thiabTom qab 10 feeb, ntxuav lawv nrog txhuam los yog daim txhuam cev.
YHydrogen peroxide hauv xwm
Hydrogen peroxide yuav tsum tsis txhob suav hais tias yog ib qho khoom sib xyaw uas tau txais hauv chav kuaj xwb. Hauv H2O2pom nyob rau hauv nag thiab daus, nyob rau hauv roob huab cua. Nyob rau hauv lub roob koj tuaj yeem pom cov dej ntws thiab cov dej ntws nrog cov dej dawb los ntawm cov pa oxygen tsawg tshaj plaws, uas yog qhov tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig. Tsawg tus neeg paub tias cov xim thiab npuas yog vim muaj H2O2 hauv dej, uas yog tsim los ntawm nws cov aeration zoo. Lub caij no, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob ntshai haus cov dej uas tsis muaj boiled, tshwj tsis yog tias, ntawm chav kawm, muaj cov nroj tsuag thiab factories nyob ze. Hydrogen peroxide, pom nyob rau hauv dej, ua raws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cab.
Txawm tias tuav lub raj mis dej ua kom muaj cov peroxide, vim tias cov dej saturated nrog oxygen.
txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub tshiab kuj muaj H2O2 txog thaum lawv siav. Thaum lub sij hawm cua sov, boiling, roasting thiab lwm yam txheej txheem nrog ib tug siab kub, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov pa oxygen puas. Tias yog vim li cas cov zaub mov siav tau suav tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm hais tias qee cov vitamins tseem nyob hauv lawv. Freshly squeezed kua txiv los yog oxygen cocktails tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv sanatoriums yog pab tau rau tib yam vim li cas - vim oxygen saturation, uas ua rau lub cev tshiab zog thiab ntxuav nws.
Kev phom sij ntawm peroxide ingestion
Tom qab cov lus saum toj no, nws yuav zoo li tias peroxide tuaj yeem raug coj los ntawm qhov ncauj, thiab qhov no yuav pab tau lub cev. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog qhov tseeb. Nyob rau hauv dej los yog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, cov compound muaj nyob rau hauv tsawg heev thiab muaj feem xyuam rau lwm yam tshuaj. Noj "tsis zoo" hydrogen peroxide sab hauv(thiab tag nrho cov peroxide yuav hauv khw los yog tsim tawm ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm kev sim tshuaj lom neeg tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog ntuj, thiab dhau li ntawd, nws muaj qhov siab dhau los piv rau ntuj) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Kom nkag siab tias yog vim li cas, peb yuav tsum rov mus xyuas chemistry.
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, hydrogen peroxide raug rhuav tshem thiab tso tawm oxygen, uas yog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum H2O2 tsoo nrog peroxidase, ib qho enzyme intracellular. Kev siv cov peroxide rau kev tua kab mob yog ua raws li nws cov khoom oxidizing. Yog li, thaum lub qhov txhab raug kho nrog H2O2, cov pa oxygen tso tawm ua rau cov kab mob muaj sia nyob uas tau poob rau hauv nws. Nws muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo ib yam rau lwm lub hlwb. Yog tias koj kho cov tawv nqaij tsis zoo nrog peroxide, thiab tom qab ntawd so qhov chaw nrog cawv, koj yuav hnov qhov kub hnyiab, uas paub meej tias muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab mob tom qab peroxide. Tab sis nrog kev siv sab nraud ntawm peroxide ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab, yuav tsis muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev.
Lwm yam yog tias koj sim coj mus rau hauv. Cov khoom ntawd, uas muaj peev xwm ua kom puas txawm tias cov tawv nqaij tuab los ntawm sab nraud, nkag mus rau hauv cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub plab zom mov. Ntawd yog, tshuaj lom neeg mini-hlawv tshwm sim. Tau kawg, tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing tso tawm - oxygen - kuj tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob phem. Tab sis tib txoj kev yuav tshwm sim nrog lub hlwb ntawm lub plab zom mov. Yog kub hnyiab los ntawm kev uaoxidizing tus neeg sawv cev yuav rov ua dua, tom qab ntawd atrophy ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias yog ua tau, thiab qhov no yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev mob qog noj ntshav. Kev tuag ntawm cov hnyuv ua rau lub cev tsis muaj peev xwm nqus cov as-ham, qhov no piav qhia, piv txwv li, kev poob phaus thiab kev ploj ntawm cem quav hauv qee cov neeg uas siv tshuaj peroxide "kev kho mob".
Cais, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog xws li ib txoj kev siv peroxide raws li kev txhaj tshuaj hauv cov hlab ntsha. Txawm hais tias qee qhov laj thawj lawv tau raug tshuaj los ntawm kws kho mob (qhov no tsuas yog tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau hauv cov ntshav lom, thaum tsis muaj lwm yam tshuaj uas tsim nyog), ces nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas kev kho mob thiab nrog rau kev suav nruj ntawm ntau npaum li cas, tseem muaj kev pheej hmoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, nws yuav yog lub sijhawm rau kev rov qab los. Tsis muaj teeb meem koj yuav tsum tau sau koj tus kheej txhaj tshuaj hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 yog qhov txaus ntshai heev rau cov qe ntshav - erythrocytes thiab platelets, vim nws ua rau lawv puas tsuaj thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ua rau tuag taus ntawm cov hlab ntsha los ntawm cov pa tawm tuaj yeem tshwm sim - gas embolism.
ntsuas kev nyab xeeb rau kev tuav H2O2
- Cia kom deb ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg muaj mob. Qhov tsis hnov tsw tsw thiab hnov qab ua rau peroxide tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai rau lawv, vim tias cov koob tshuaj loj tuaj yeem noj. Yog tias cov tshuaj tau noj, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv tuaj yeem ua tsis tau. Nrhiav kev kho mob tam sim.
- Peroxide daws nrog ntau dua peb feem pua ua rau kub hnyiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Qhov chaw hlawv yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog dej kom ntau.
- Tsis txhob cia cov tshuaj peroxide nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag, vim lawv qhov o, liab, khaus, thiab qee zaum mob. Kev pab thawj zaug ua ntej mus ntsib kws kho mob - yaug qhov muag nrog dej kom ntau.
- Khaws cov tshuaj kom pom tseeb tias nws yog H2O2, uas yog, hauv lub thawv nrog daim ntawv nplaum kom tsis txhob siv yuam kev.
- Cov xwm txheej khaws cia uas txuas ntxiv nws lub neej - tsaus, qhuav, qhov chaw txias.
- Tsis txhob sib tov hydrogen peroxide nrog cov kua uas tsis yog dej ntshiab, suav nrog cov dej chlorinated.
- Tag nrho cov saum toj no siv tsis tau rau H2O2 xwb, tab sis rau tag nrho cov kev npaj uas muaj.
