Kev kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog qhov txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, nws yog raws li kev qiv nyiaj los ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob sab Europe. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, German. Ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, pedagogical thiab scientific ntawv pov thawj tau ua. Kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm hauv tebchaws thiab hom kev kawm uas twb muaj lawm.
Nws pib li cas…
Kev kawm hauv tebchaws Lavxias pib tsim kev lag luam hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII. Qhov no tau ua kom yooj yim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Peter I, ntau yam uas tau tsom mus rau kev nthuav dav kev tshawb fawb, qhia cov neeg txheeb ze raws li Western qauv.
Formally, hnub tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog lub kaum hli ntuj 22, 1721. Nws yog nyob rau hnub no uas nws tau tshaj tawm tom qab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tiav Northern War. Peter kuv los ntawm kev txiav txim siabSenators tau txais cov npe ntawm Leej Txiv ntawm Fatherland thiab Emperor. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntev ua ntej hnub tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau pib tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm.
Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nws tau pom tseeb tias txoj kev kawm tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws kov kev ntseeg. Nws txoj kev qhia tsuas yog nyob hauv cov tsev kawm diocesan rau cov me nyuam ntawm cov txiv plig xwb.
Nyob rau xyoo 1701, lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm navigational thiab lej sciences tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ib tug artillery tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib, thiab ib tug me ntsis tom qab, ib tug engineering thiab kho mob tsev kawm ntawv. Txij li thaum 1715, cov chav kawm ntawm navigation tsev kawm ntawv tau pauv mus rau St. Petersburg, reorganizing lawv mus rau hauv lub Naval Academy. Tseem muaj.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, los ntawm lub xyoo tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, 42 lub tsev kawm ntawv digital tau ua haujlwm hauv cov xeev. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm Petus txoj cai kom muab kev paub yooj yim. Kwv yees li ob txhiab tus tub ntxhais kawm kawm nyob ntawd.
Thaum lub sijhawm kav Anna Ioannovna, cov menyuam ntawm cov tub rog nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv garrison, thiab ntawm cov nroj tsuag metallurgical tsoomfwv tau tsim thawj lub tsev kawm mining uas tau cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij rau cov lag luam.
Nyob rau xyoo 1730, qhov kev coj phem tshwm sim los rau npe menyuam yaus hauv cov tub rog yuav luag thaum yug los, yog li thaum muaj hnub nyoog feem ntau lawv twb muaj tus tub ceev xwm qib los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev. Elizabeth rov txhim kho tsev kawm ntawv tub rog. Tshaj tawm tsab cai kom nthuav dav network ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Thawj gymnasiums tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab Kazan. Nyob rau hauv 1755, nyob rau hauv lub pib ntawm nws nyiam suav Shuvalov, Moscow University tau tsim, thiab ob xyoos tom qab lub Academy of Arts.
Kev kawm hauvLavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th qhia ob lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog kev ntxiv dag zog rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm chav kawm thiab nthuav dav ntawm lub network ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm Catherine II
Los ntawm 1786, tus Empress ua tiav kev hloov kho tsev kawm ntawv, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev pom zoo los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem. Hauv txhua lub nroog loj, cov tsev kawm ntawv loj uas muaj plaub chav kawm tam sim no tau tshwm sim, thiab hauv nroog cov nroog, cov tsev kawm me me nrog ob chav kawm.
Kev qhia yam tshwm sim, cov hnub tsis sib xws rau kev pib thiab xaus ntawm cov chav kawm tau tsim, thiab tsim cov txheej txheem qhia. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv kawm thiab kev qhia pib pib.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev hloov pauv no tau ua los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv los ntawm Serbia Fedor Ivanovich Jankovic. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, muaj txog li 70,000 tus tub hluas tau kawm hauv 550 lub tsev kawm.
Hloov pauv hauv Alexander I
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, kev kawm gymnasiums tsuas muaj nyob hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg thiab Kazan. Tib lub sijhawm, ntau lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau hom kev ua haujlwm.
Hauv xyoo 1802, Ministry of Public Education tau tsim, uas tau tshaj tawm txoj cai tshiab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab tshaj tawm kev kawm dawb hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau theem qis, tsis muaj kev kawm thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm.
Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv uas twb muaj lawm tau muab faib ua plaub yam. Thawj suav nrog cov tsev kawm hauv pawg ntseeg, uas hloov cov pej xeem me me. Qhov thib ob suav nrog cov tsev kawm hauv nroog, qhov thib peb - gymnasiums lossis lub xeev, thiab plaub -universities.
Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm Alexander I, rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib. Tag nrho ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau muab faib ua rau lub cheeb tsam kev kawm uas coj los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas.
Nyob rau xyoo 1804, University Charter tau tshwm sim, muab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab rau kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj nws lub tsev hais plaub, cov thawj coj siab dua tsis muaj txoj cai los cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab, uas lawv tus kheej xaiv tus rector thiab cov xibfwb.
Thawj lyceums pib tshwm sim, uas tau suav tias yog tsev kawm qib siab nruab nrab. Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, qhov twg Pushkin kawm, kuj yog rau lawv.
Class character
Qhia luv luv txog kev kawm hauv tebchaws Lavxias, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv Nicholas kuv tau coj mus rau hauv chav kawm thiab kaw tus cwj pwm. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Parish tau npaj rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov tsev kawm hauv nroog - rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov tub lag luam, cov neeg nyob hauv nroog thiab cov neeg txawj ntse. Gymnasiums - tsuas yog rau cov menyuam ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov nom tswv.
Ib tsab cai tshwj xeeb ntawm 1827 txawm txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab chaw ua si. Txoj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm bureaucratic centralization thiab vaj tse.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv charter ntawm 1828 tau faib kev kawm theem pib thiab theem nrab rau hauv pawg: rau cov menyuam yaus hauv cov chav kawm qis thiab nruab nrab thiab rau cov menyuam ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov nom tswv.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tshiab ntawm 1835 txwv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsim kom muaj tub ceev xwm saib xyuas cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub network ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev cob qhiacov chaw tsim khoom. Lub tsev kawm ntawv vaj tsev, lub koom haum thev naus laus zis tshwm sim.
Kev hloov pauv nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb
Kev tshem tawm ntawm kev ua qhev hauv xyoo 1861 los ntawm Alexander II ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm hauv tebchaws Russia. Qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm kev tsim cov peev txheej thiab kev vam meej hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, muaj kev nce qib hauv kev nyeem ntawv, kev loj hlob ntawm ntau hom kev kawm.
Lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tshiab ntawm xyoo 1863 rov qab muaj kev ywj pheej rau cov tsev kawm qib siab, muab kev ywj pheej ntawm nyiaj txiag, kev tswj hwm, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev qhia txog teeb meem. Qhov no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia.
Hauv xyoo 1864, txhua chav kawm nkag mus tau zoo tshwm sim. Nrog rau cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv xeev, Hnub Sunday, cov tsev kawm ntawv parochial thiab ntiav. Gymnasiums muab faib ua tiag tiag thiab classical. Tam sim no lawv lees txais, tsis hais chav kawm twg, tab sis kev kawm tau them.
Nyob rau xyoo 1869, Cov Kev Kawm Qib Siab Cov Poj Niam tau qhib - thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov poj niam.
Tus Huab tais Lavxias kawg
Cov poj niam txoj kev kawm txuas ntxiv txhim kho kom muaj zog raws li Nicholas II. Txawm li cas los xij, piv nrog cov teb chaws tsim kho hauv ntiaj teb, kev siv nyiaj ib tus neeg rau kev kawm ntawm cov menyuam yaus tseem muaj kev nyuaj siab. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv lawv siv 2 rubles 84 kopecks ib xyoos, ces nyob rau hauv Russia - 21 kopecks.
Qib kev kawm hauv tebchaws Russia los ntawm lub sijhawm no tau mus txog qib siab. Xyoo 191430% ntawm cov menyuam hnub nyoog 8 txog 11 xyoos tau mus kawm ntawv. Hauv nroog, daim duab no tau ze li 50%, thiab hauv cov zos nws tau me ntsis ntau dua 20%.
Kev hloov pauv kev kawm theem pib
Thiab tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau, theem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv ntawm cov neeg nyob qis qis qis qis, tsis muaj kev cai lij choj ntawm kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb. Raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1897, tsuas yog 21% ntawm cov pej xeem tau nyeem ntawv.
Tam sim no, nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, kev tsis nyeem ntawv dav dav tau kov yeej, kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb twb muaj lawm. Universal thawj kev kawm yog xav tau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev kawm tau tham los ntawm Lub Xeev Duma txog xyoo 1912. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia txog kev kawm thawj zaug, uas tau npaj los ua ib nrab ntawm cov xeev los ntawm 1918, thiab thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920.
Nyiaj txiag Yaj
Tib lub sijhawm, nyiaj txiag ntawm kev kawm thawj zaug tau ua tiav los ntawm kev pub dawb thiab ntawm kev siv zemstvos. Cov nyiaj qiv rau pej xeem kev kawm tau loj hlob, los ntawm 1904 lawv yuav luag ob npaug hauv kaum xyoo, cov peev nyiaj ntawm Ministry of Public Education tau nce los ntawm 22 txog 42 lab rubles.
Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1905, qhov xav tau kev cai lij choj ntawm kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb thawj zaug tau sib tham hauv zej zog thiab qib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Ib feem pom zoo los ntawm 1908. Tom qab ntawd, plaub xyoos kev kawm raug lees txais rau tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv theem qis.
Tam sim nokev sib tham zaum kawg ntawm daim nqi yog ncua ncua, rub mus txog rau xyoo 1912. Yog li ntawd, lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas thaum kawg tsis lees txais daim nqi no.
Kev faib cov tsev kawm ntawv
Qhia luv luv txog kev kawm hauv tebchaws Russia, peb yuav tsum nyob ntawm txhua hom kev kawm uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Cov tsev kawm ntawv Volost tau koom nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Lawv tau cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau kev tswj hwm nyob deb nroog thiab lub xeev chav tsev.
Thaum pib muaj cov tsev kawm kev cai dab qhuas, uas tau cob qhia cov txiv plig rau lub Koom Txoos Lavxias Orthodox, thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv lawv yog ib mus rau ob xyoos. Lawv tau npaj rau cov neeg uas tau nyiaj tsawg, txij li kev kawm hauv lawv tseem tsis pub dawb. Feem ntau qhib nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Zemstvo Council.
Kev kawm theem pib kuj tau muab los ntawm cov tsev kawm parochial, uas nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev sab ntsuj plig. Ib txoj haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm kev kawm theem pib thiab theem nrab tau nyob hauv nroog cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog hu ua cov tsev kawm hauv nroog. Lawv yuav tsum muab kev kawm tiav rau cov neeg pluag, tab sis cov chav kawm tau raug them nqi.
tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab
Lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab feem ntau hauv tebchaws Russia yog lub gymnasium. Tus nqi kawm ntawv hauv nws yog pheej yig rau feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem. Ntxiv mus, lub gymnasiums yog ob qho tib si pej xeem thiab ntiag tug. Poj niam thiab txiv neej raug cob qhia nyias.
thawj lub ntiaj teb kev kawm txuj ci gymnasium hauv Russiatshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1726. Nws ua haujlwm hauv Academy of Sciences. Thaum ntawd, rau kev nkag mus, ib tug yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub taxable vaj tse. Txij li thaum xyoo 1864, cov gymnasiums tiag tiag thiab classical tau tsim. Lawv kawm nyob rau hauv classical tau yim xyoo, thiab tom qab kawm tiav lawv muaj cai nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, raws li lawv kawm Latin.
Cais, ntawm cov chaw gyms, muaj cov chav kawm npaj ntxiv uas tau npaj tsuas yog muab kev kawm thawj zaug xwb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tuaj yeem npaj lawv nkag mus rau gymnasium.
Tsev Kawm Ntawv tiag
Tsis zoo li cov gymnasiums classical, hauv qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb tau them rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub voj voog ntawm kev ua lej. Lawv yog thawj tsim los nthuav kev kawm txuj ci rau cov neeg coob coob. Txij li thaum xyoo 1864 lawv tau dhau los ua theem npaj rau cov neeg uas xav nkag mus hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Tom qab kev saws me nyuam hauv 1872, lawv lub hom phiaj tau hloov pauv ntau.
Txij no mus, lawv muab kev kawm tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam. Lub sijhawm kawm yog rau xyoo. Theological seminaries yog cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab rau cov pov thawj yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub hauv paus, cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab rau cov tub rog yav tom ntej tau tsim - cadet corps.
tsev kawm ntawv qib siab
Universities tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg, Dorpat, Kazan, Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Tomsk thiab Warsaw.
Secular tsev kawm ntawv qib siab kuj ua haujlwmtsev kawm ntawv - tsev kawm ntawv. Lawv tau cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv natural sciences thiab technical industries.
Nyob hauv ROC system, cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab yog cov tsev kawm theological. Thawj yog Moscow, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1685. Tau ntev lawm nws hu ua Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
Cov tub ceev xwm tau txais kev kawm tub rog raws li kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm navigational thiab lej sciences, lawv npaj rau kev pab nyob rau hauv lub artillery. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb rau tub rog tau qhib hauv Gatchina xyoo 1795.
tsev kawm ntawv ntiav
Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov system no. Piv txwv li, Hnub Sunday, kev cob qhia uas tau tuav ib lub lis piam ib zaug. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tau npaj cov tsev kawm ntawv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ib nrab nyeem ntawv, kws txawj ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ua haujlwm uas xav tau kev kawm.
