Ib pab pawg kws kho mob yog cov khoom tsis yog peptide ntawm cov proteins nyuaj uas ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg. Feem ntau lawv tham txog cov pab pawg prosthetic ntawm enzymes. Cov pab pawg prosthetic tau ruaj khov rau cov protein los ntawm covalent bonds. Lawv tuaj yeem yog cov khoom ntawm inorganic (hlau ions) thiab organic (carbohydrates, vitamins) xwm.
Prosthetic pawg ntawm cov proteins
Cov proteins uas tsis sib haum tau muab cais raws li cov qauv ntawm cov pab pawg prosthetic. Cov chav kawm hauv qab no ntawm cov proteins nyuaj yog qhov txawv:
- Glycoproteins: tseeb thiab proteoglycans. Cov pab pawg prosthetic ntawm yav dhau los yog sawv cev los ntawm monosaccharides, deoxysaccharides, sialic acids, thiab oligosaccharides. Qhov tseeb glycoproteins suav nrog tag nrho cov ntshav plasma globulins, immunoglobulins, interferons, fibrinogen, cov tshuaj hormones corticotropin, gonadotropin. Prosthetic pawg ntawm proteoglycans yog sawv cev los ntawm siab molecular hnyav heteropolysaccharides - glycosaminoglycans. Piv txwv ntawm carbohydrates yog hyaluronic acid, chondroitic acid, heparin. Cov carbohydrate feem yog txuas nrog cov protein covalent-glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus vim yog pawg hydroxyl ntawm threonine, serine lossis cov amino pawg ntawm lysine,glutamine, asparagine.
- Lipoproteins. Prosthetic pawg yog lipids ntawm ntau yam muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov protein ib feem tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov lipid covalent bonds, tom qab ntawd cov lipoproteins insoluble tsim, uas ua haujlwm feem ntau ntawm cov qauv; thiab non-covalent bonds, ces soluble lipids yog tsim, uas ua mas thauj functions. Proteins (apoproteins) ntawm cov lipoproteins soluble tsim ib txheej hydrophilic nto, lipids tsim ib lub hauv paus hydrophobic, uas muaj cov khoom thauj ntawm lipid xwm. Soluble lipoproteins muaj xws li tag nrho cov lipoprotein complexes, uas yog cov conglomerates ntawm cov proteins thiab lipids ntawm variable muaj pes tsawg leeg.
- Metalloproteins. Cov no suav nrog ntau tshaj li ib puas enzymes. Cov pab pawg neeg prosthetic yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho ion ntawm ib lossis ntau yam hlau sib txawv. Piv txwv li, transferrin thiab ferritin muaj xws li hlau ions, cawv dehydrogenase - zinc, cytochrome oxidase - tooj liab, proteinases - magnesium thiab potassium ions, ATPase - sodium, magnesium, calcium thiab potassium ions.
- Chromoproteins muaj cov xim pleev xim. Hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj siab dua, lawv feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm hemoproteins thiab flavoproteins. Heme yog qhov tsis muaj protein ntau ntawm hemoproteins. Heme yog ib feem ntawm hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases. Prosthetic pawg ntawm flavoproteinsyog FAD.
Phosphoproteins. Prosthetic pawg yog phosphoric acid. Nws residue txuas nrog cov protein ib feem los ntawm ester bonds vim hydroxogroups ntawm serine thiab threonine. Phosphoproteins muaj xws li casein, vitellin, ovalbumin.
6. Nucleoproteins. Prosthetic pawg yog nucleic acids - DNA lossis RNA. Cov protein ib feem ntawm nucleoproteins muaj ntau cov txiaj ntsig zoo amino acids - lysine thiab arginine, yog li nws muaj cov yam ntxwv yooj yim. Nucleic acids lawv tus kheej yog acidic. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov protein thiab cov uas tsis yog-protein yog li ua los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ion-ion. Txuas cov protein tseem ceeb rau qhov "xoos" acidic DNA molecule tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov qauv kev cog lus - chromatin, uas muab cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm.
Prosthetic pawg ntawm enzymes
Kwv yees li 60% ntawm cov enzymes paub yog cov khoom yooj yim. Lawv qhov chaw ua haujlwm tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids. Hauv qhov no, enzyme-substrate daim ntawv cog lus yog ua los ntawm acid-base kev sib cuam tshuam. Rau ntau qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv lub cev, xws li kev sib cuam tshuam yooj yim tsis txaus. Tom qab ntawd tsis yog tsuas yog cov substrate thiab cov enzyme koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tab sis kuj muaj lwm cov tshuaj tsis muaj protein ntau, uas yog hu ua cofactors. Muaj ob pawg ntawm cofactors: coenzymes thiab prosthetic pawg. Cov qub tau txuas nrog cov protein ib feem ntawm cov enzyme los ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj zog uas tsis yog-covalent, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua tus nqa khoom ntawm tus kheej enzymes. Cov pab pawg prosthetic tau ruaj khov los ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus nrog apoenzyme thiab ua haujlwm raws li tus neeg nqa khoom intraenzymatic. Piv txwv ntawm cov pab pawg prosthetic ntawm qee cov enzymes tau nthuav tawm hauvtable.
| Table. Prosthetic pawg, lawv qhov chaw ntawm synthesis thiab coj enzymes | ||
| Prosthetic group | Source of synthesis | Piv txwv ntawm enzymes |
| FAD, FMN | Aerobic thiab qee qhov anaerobic dehydrogenases | |
| Aminotransferases, decarboxylases | ||
| Decarboxylases, hloov pauv | ||
| Gem | ||
Prosthetic lipid pawg
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov pab pawg neeg prosthetic yog cov tsis-lipid ib feem ntawm complex lipids, xws li phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids.
