Peb muaj lus nplua nuj uas muaj zog thiab yoog raws li nws tuaj yeem hais tau txhua yam hauv cov lus. Nyob rau hauv nws grandeur, nws tsis yog inferior rau ib yam lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws tau raug txhim kho tas li, tib lub sijhawm muaj lub hauv paus nplua nuj thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws muaj nuj nqis thiab tus kheej txaus, yog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg, qhia txog kab lis kev cai. Cov lus yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kawm, qhov no yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog rau txhua tus neeg Lavxias. Qhov loj thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm cov lus tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas hais txog cov ntaub ntawv classical, los yog hauv phau ntawv txhais lus thiab cov phau ntawv siv uas qhia txog cov qauv. Thiab tau kawg, peb yuav tsum paub thiab nco ntsoov cov kws tshawb fawb zoo uas tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm peb hom lus.
Linguistics
Linguistics yog kev kawm lus. Nws suav hais tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus yog kev sib txuas lus, nws cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob thiab cov qauv. Linguistics tshawb nrhiav cov lus xav: dab tsi yog qhov system ntawm cov lus, cov lus units zoo li cas, dab tsi yog qhov ntawm pawg grammatical, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev hais lus, pom cov neeg hais lus ib txwm muaj, cov xwm txheej hais lus, cov khoom siv lus.
Linguistics zetxuas nrog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb: keeb kwm, archaeology, ethnography, psychology, philosophy. Qhov no yog vim hais tias lus nrog peb nyob txhua qhov chaw, hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tshawb fawb, tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb sawv tawm. Hais txog kev hais lus, peb tuaj yeem muab cov npe xws li: Victor Vinogradov, Baudouin de Courtenay, Lev Shcherba thiab ntau lwm tus. Thiab cia peb lub npe rau peb tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov, rau tus uas tsab xov xwm no yuav mob siab rau.
Ntseeg lus Askiv
Sergey Ozhegov, uas kawm tiav los ntawm gymnasium hauv Tver xeev, tom qab ntawd Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology ntawm Leningrad University, tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukrainian Fleet thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog, ua tiav kev kawm tiav qib siab, qhia ntau yam. Moscow universities, niaj hnub no yog zoo dua lub npe hu ua tus sau-compiler ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus, uas peb tseem siv niaj hnub no. Sau cov lus Lavxias S. I. Ozhegov yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb. Tag nrho cov lus niaj hnub siv niaj hnub no tau sau tseg ntawm no, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus sib raug zoo thiab feem ntau cov lus qhia tau pom. Txoj haujlwm no yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias.
Ozhegov txog lus
Sergey Ozhegov tau tham ntau txog kev ua kom yooj yim kev sau ntawv Lavxias. Tus sau cov lus hais kuj tseem muaj nws cov lus qhia rau kev txhim kho cov qauv stereotyped 1964 ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus. Ozhegov tau hais tias cov lus tshiab uas tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus Lavxias yuav tsum suav nrog hauv kev sau. Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog los kho cov chav nyob phraseological, rov xav txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee qhov tshiablus. Thiab ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau cov qauv ntawm kev siv thiab hais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.
Lwm nqe lus los ntawm S. I. Ozhegov txog cov lus txhawj xeeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv lo lus. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog cov kab lis kev cai siab ntawm kev hais lus, uas muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ib qho kev txawj ntse, lo lus tsim nyog los qhia ib qho kev xav.
Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus no tau dhau los ua kev tshaj tawm nrov. Sergei Ozhegov nws tus kheej tso dag txog qhov no. Nws cov lus hais qhia txog qhov xav tau ntawm phau ntawv sau no: tus naj npawb ntawm cov phau ntawv luam tawm ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus tsis yog qis dua rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov classics ntawm Marxism-Leninism.
Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm
Lub xeem ntawm tus kws paub lus nto moo muaj keeb kwm Siberian. Nws yog raws li lo lus "hlawv", lawv hu ua ib tug stick los xyuas qhov kev npaj ntawm molten hlau rau casting.
Ozhegov Sergei Ivanovich, hais txog nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, ib txwm hais txog qhov tseeb tias lawv lub xeem los ntawm Demidov serfs. Tsev neeg ntawm nws yawg, uas ua haujlwm ntawm Yekaterinburg smelter rau ntau tshaj li tsib caug xyoo, muaj kaum plaub tus menyuam, thiab tag nrho tom qab ntawd tau kawm qib siab.
Sergey Ozhegov tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm mining engineer thiab tus kws yug menyuam hauv tsev kho mob lub Hoobkas thaum kawg lub Cuaj Hli 1900. Nws lub tebchaws me me yog lub zos Kamennoye yav dhau los ntawm lub xeev Tver.
Kev xav paub txog qhov muaj nyob hauv lawv lub npe tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv qhov tseeb tias, tau nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov raug yuam kom tawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm thiab mus rau pem hauv ntej. Tab sis, rov qab los ntawm pem hauv ntej, hauv 20s nws tseem kawm tiavLeningrad University. Nws cov xib fwb tau paub zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd linguists V. V. Vinogradov thiab L. V. Shcherba. Sergei Ozhegov tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau lub voj voog ntawm Leningrad cov kws tshawb fawb, tom qab ntawd ntsib nws cov npoj yaig Moscow thiab tau txais koob meej nyob ntawd.
Since 1952, S. I. Ozhegov yog lub taub hau ntawm kev hais lus ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR. Kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv "Cov Lus Txhais Lus Txhais ntawm Lus Lavxias", tus editor-in-chief uas yog D. N. Ushakov. Pab pawg txhim kho suav nrog Ozhegov. Ozhegov txoj kev tsim txiaj kuj tseem yog tus sau phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias.
Kev phooj ywg nrog cov kws paub lus nto moo
Thaum ntawd cov lus hais V. V. Vinogradov thiab D. I. Ushakov. Lawv koom nrog Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov, ib tug linguist uas nws txoj hauj lwm tab tom txhim kho tau zoo ntawm no, txij li thaum nws yog ib feem ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug plaub-ntim tsab ntawm D. I. Ushakova.
Ntau tshaj peb caug feem pua ntawm cov khoom nkag hauv cov khoom no yog S. I. Ozhegov. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau lub sijhawm no muaj kev sau ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau "Cov Lus Txhais rau Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm A. N. Ostrovsky".
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm lus Askiv yog phooj ywg nrog tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo A. Reformatsky, uas tom qab ntawd los ua tus sau phau ntawv classic ntawm kev hais lus.
Ozhegov txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb
Ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev sau ntawm D. I. Ushakov, Sergei Ozhegov tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov phau ntawv txhais lus rau kev siv dav. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev sau no tau pib ua ntej ua tsov rog nrog Nazis. Ozhegov ntseeg lub zog ntawm Red Army, uas yuav tsis tso cai rau cov Germans mus rau Moscow, yog li ntawd nws tseem nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Tag nrho cov nonws muab lub sijhawm ua rog nyuaj rau nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Moscow linguists G. Vinokur thiab V. Petrosyan yog co-sau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus. Tab sis maj mam txav deb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab S. I. Ozhegov yuav luag ib leeg ua txhua yam haujlwm.
Sergey Ozhegov txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm mus txog thaum kawg. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau lossi refined los ntawm nws, nws kev tsim kho tau zoo tuaj. Tus neeg sau tau txais cov lus raws li qhov tshwm sim tsis tu ncua nyob. Nws nyiam saib cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus.
Muaj ntau qhov paub tseeb uas yuav ntxiv cov kev paub txog S. I. Ozhegov thiab nws phau ntawv txhais lus:
- ntau tus neeg hais lus yuam kev, hais lus thib ob;
- censorship thawj zaug tsis nco lo lus "niam hluas", pom nws lub ntsiab lus depraved;
- Censorship tsis txaus siab rau pawg ntseeg cov lus, cov lus xws li "nalay", "iconostasis";
- lo lus "Leningrader" thaum lub sijhawm rov muab phau ntawv txhais lus tau qhia txog kev dag kom lo lus "sloth" thiab "Leninist" yuav tsis nyob ib sab;
- txhais lo lus "rape" hauv Ozhegov phau ntawv txhais lus tau pab ib tug txiv neej tawm hauv tsev lojcuj, vim nws qhov kev ua tsis tau poob rau hauv kev rape;
- muaj rau tsab ntawv ntawm Ozhegov phau ntawv txhais lus luam tawm thaum nws lub neej;
- nyuam qhuav kawm S. I. Ozhegova N. Yu. Shvedova; cov uas tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm ib tus neeg hais lus nto moo tsis nyiam qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.
Ozhegov tsev neeg
Kev paub ntau hauv kuv lub neejSergei Ozhegov, nws tsev neeg tau dhau los ntawm ntau qhov nyuaj, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas raug rau cov neeg txawj ntse Lavxias.
Nws txiv, tus kws ua haujlwm ntawm Kuvshinova daim ntawv zeb, tau txais plaub chav tsev, qhov chaw uas cov neeg txawj ntse hauv zos feem ntau sib sau ua ke. Kev sib haum xeeb tau nce siab: kev tsim kho tshiab tau nthuav tawm tas li ntawm lub Hoobkas, tsev kawm ntawv, Tsev Neeg, thiab tsev kho mob tau tsim. Nyob rau yav tas los, Ozhegov niam ua haujlwm ua tus kws yug menyuam. Ntxiv rau Sergei, tus hlob, muaj ob tug tub ntxiv hauv lawv tsev neeg. Tus nruab nrab tau los ua tus kws tsim qauv, tus yau tshaj los ua tus neeg ua haujlwm tsheb ciav hlau.
Xyoo 1909, tsev neeg Ozhegov tsiv mus rau St. Ntawm no Sergey mus rau gymnasium, cuv npe hauv chess club thiab kev sib tw kis las. Tom qab kawm tiav hauv chav gymnasium, nws nkag mus rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tab sis kev tsov rog tiv thaiv kev kawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab tsov rog, nws tseem kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Ua ntej tau txais daim diploma, Sergei Ozhegov tau sib yuav ib tug tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv philological. Nws txiv yog ib tug pov thawj, tus kws qhia nws tus kheej zoo heev, ua suab paj nruag classical thiab pej xeem.
Ozhegov yog ib tug neeg sociable heev. Cov tuam txhab phooj ywg ib txwm sib sau ua ke hauv nws lub tsev, qhov chaw zoo tau kav.
Ozhegov tus poj niam yog ib tug zoo hostess, lawv nyob ua ke tau plaub caug xyoo, tsa lawv tus tub.
Thaum tsov rog, Moscow tsev neeg ntawm Ozhegov tsiv mus rau Tashkent, tab sis yuav luag tag nrho cov Leningrad cov txheeb ze ntawm kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm kev thaiv. laug ib tug ntxhais. Ib tug ntxhais muaj tsib xyoos raug xa mus rau ib lub tsev menyuam ntsuag, tom qab S. I. Ozhegov pom nws thiab tau txais nws.
Merit of Ozhegov
Ua ntau rau hauv tsevlinguistics Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich, uas nws pab mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus yog zoo heev. Nws yog tus sau thiab compiler ntawm ntau phau ntawv txhais lus thiab siv phau ntawv. S. I. Ozhegov yog lub npe hu ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Moscow Council Commission, tus lwm thawj coj ntawm lub commission ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences, scientific adviser, xib fwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm Ozhegov
Main scientific works of S. I. Ozhegov qhia txog cov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lexicology thiab lexicography. Nws ua hauj lwm ntau yam ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, kawm sociolinguistics, kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Tsis tas li ntawd, Sergey Ozhegov, tus kws paub lus Askiv, tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev kawm cov lus ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv (I. A. Krylova, A. N. Ostrovsky, thiab lwm yam). Nws ua haujlwm ntau yam ntawm cov lus Lavxias: nws yog tus editor ntawm ntau yam kev siv phau ntawv txhais lus thiab cov lus sau.
